BIOTIC Species Information for Capitella capitata
Researched byLizzie Tyler Data supplied byUniversity of Sheffield
Refereed byThis information is not refereed.
Taxonomy
Scientific nameCapitella capitata Common nameGallery worm
MCS CodeP907 Recent SynonymsNone
PhylumAnnelida Subphylum
Superclass ClassPolychaeta
Subclass OrderCapitellida
Suborder FamilyCapitellidae
GenusCapitella Speciescapitata
Subspecies   
Additional InformationCapitella capitata represents a complex (Grassle & Grassle, 1976) of over ten sibling species (Gamenick & Giere, 1997). While the species of this complex show only slight differences in adult morphology, they differ clearly in ontogenetic, ecological and genetic features (Gamenick & Giere, 1997) and have distinct reproductive modes (Grassle & Grassle, 1976).
Taxonomy References Hayward & Ryland, 1995b, Hayward et al., 1996, Howson & Picton, 1997, Gamenick & Giere, 1997, Grassle & Grassle, 1976,
General Biology
Growth formCylindrical
Vermiform segmented
 Feeding methodSurface deposit feeder
Sub-surface deposit feeder
Mobility/MovementBurrower
 Environmental positionInfaunal
Typical food typesMicro-organisms, phytoplankton and detritus HabitBurrow dwelling
BioturbatorNot researched FlexibilityHigh (>45 degrees)
FragilityFragile SizeSmall-medium(3-10cm)
HeightNot relevant Growth Rate30 mm / year
Adult dispersal potential100-1000m DependencyIndependent
SociabilitySolitary
Toxic/Poisonous?No
General Biology Additional InformationAbundance
  • In non-polluted areas, densities can exceed 250,000 ind/m² (Barnes, 1994). In polluted sites in Barcelona, densities of 440 000 ind/m² (Mendez et al., 1997) and 750 000 ind/m² (Sarda et al. ,1995) have been recorded. Tsutsumi (1990) recorded a maximum density of 200 000 ind/m² in sediment enriched with the green alga Ulva pertusa. Mendez et al. (1997) suggested that Capitella capitata is able to produce many individuals when organic supply is high enough to feed all the population.
  • Petraitis (1991) studied sex ratios in Capitella capitata (species type 1) and found that, although large populations contain males, females and occasionally hermaphrodites, at low density or in groups with a females-biased sex ratio males develop into hermaphrodites. Petraitis (1991) also noted that most homogametic juveniles become females if reared alone, but males if reared with other conspecifics.
Growth
Warren (1976) estimated growth rate to be 30mm/year.

Feeding
  • Capitella capitata is a non-selective subsurface deposit feeder (Fauchald & Jumars, 1979), feeding on micro-organisms, phytoplankton and detritus.
  • Lopes et al. (2000) found that an increase in abundance of macroalgae resulted in a substantial increase in the abundance of Capitella capitata. Furthermore, Qian & Chia (1991) found that, in Canada, individuals fed on the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana or the green alga Ulva lactuca grew much faster and attained a larger body size than those fed on the kelp Macrocystis integrifolia or seagrass Zostera marina.
  • Qian & Chia (1991b) found that larvae grew faster and had shorter pelagic periods when fed with phytoplankton at concentrations of 10x and 25x ambient concentrations.
  • Fauchald & Jumars (1979) reviewed feeding of Capitellids. Feeding takes place by everting a papillose, sac-like pharynx. The pharyngeal epithelium secretes a mucro-polysaccharide (Michel, 1967) apparently used to agglutinate sand grains, and possibly to select organic particles of low specific gravity. All capitellids are considered non-selective (Fauchald & Jumars, 1979).
  • Capitella capitata can take up dissolved primary amines from the surrounding medium (Stephens, 1975).
Biology References Fauchald & Jumars, 1979, Barnes, 1994, Mendez et al., 1997, Sarda et al., 1995, Tsutsumi, 1990, Petraitis, 1991, Warren, 1976, Qian & Chia, 1991, Qian & Chia, 1991b, Michel, 1967, Stephens, 1975, Lopes et al., 2000, Hayward & Ryland, 1990,
Distribution and Habitat
Distribution in Britain & IrelandReported from all coasts of Britain and Ireland.
Global distributionLocated on European coasts from the Arctic to the Mediterranean and widespread around Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
Biogeographic rangeNot researched Depth range
MigratoryNon-migratory / Resident   
Distribution Additional Information
  • Bolam & Fernandes (2002) and Shull (1997) noted that Capitella capitata can colonize azoic sediments rapidly in relatively high numbers. Shull (1997) also demonstrated that this occurs by larval settlement, bedload transport and by burrowing.
  • Capitella capitata has been recorded in high numbers in areas of organic enrichment; where sewage inputs (Bridges, 1996; Holte & Oug, 1996; Cardell et al., 1998, Thom & Chew, 1979) and fish farms (Karakassis et al., 2000) were present. They have also been recorded in areas where sediments contain high concentrations of metals and hydrocarbons (Ward & Young, 1982; Olsgard, 1999; Petrich & Reish, 1979).
  • The species occurs in the seaward portions of estuaries (salinities >18 ppt) and under corresponding conditions in non-tidal brackish waters (Barnes, 1994).
  • Lugworms have been found to have a strongly negative effect on the juvenile densities of Capitella capitata (Flach, 1991).
Substratum preferencesFine clean sand
Muddy sand
Mud
Sandy mud
 Physiographic preferencesOpen coast
Strait / sound
Enclosed coast / Embayment
Estuary
Biological zoneUpper Eulittoral
Mid Eulittoral
Lower Eulittoral
Sublittoral Fringe
 Wave exposureInsufficient information
Tidal stream strength/Water flowInsufficient information
 SalinityFull (30-40 psu)
Variable (18-40 psu)
Habitat Preferences Additional Information
Distribution References Petrich & Reish, 1979, Ward & Young, 1982, Bridges, 1996, Olsgard, 1999, Bolam & Fernandes, 2002, Barnes, 1994, Holte & Oug, 1996, Thom & Chew, 1979, Karakassis et al., 2000, Flach, 1991, Shull, 1997, Cardell et al., 1998,
Reproduction/Life History
Reproductive typeInsufficient information
 Developmental mechanismLecithotrophic
Reproductive SeasonAll year Reproductive LocationAs adult
Reproductive frequencyAnnual protracted Regeneration potential No
Life span1-2 years Age at reproductive maturity<1 year
Generation time<1 year Fecundity600
Egg/propagule size175 µm diameter Fertilization typeInsufficient information
Larvae/Juveniles
Larval/Juvenile dispersal potentialSee additional information Larval settlement periodSee additional information
Duration of larval stage   
Reproduction Preferences Additional InformationAge at maturity
Studies on natural populations in England show that sexual maturity is reached at about 4 months (Warren, 1976). However, in other geographical locations, sexual maturity may be reached at 3.5 months (Qian & Chia, 1994). In the laboratory, sexual maturity may be reached between 31 and 48 days after recruitment, depending on temperature (12.6-22 °C) (Tsutsumi & Kikuchi, 1984).

Reproduction
  • Warren (1976) noted that spawning occurred throughout the year in Plymouth, with all oocytes being released at a single spawning. Warren (1976) also noted that oocytes are not released into the coelomic fluid until almost fully developed and that larval development may have been completely benthonic. However, in the USA another variant of Capitella capitata, Capitella species 1, has been shown to have planktonic larval development for a short time (hours to days) before settlement (Grassle & Grassle, 1974). This species is considered to be iteroparous, and the lecithotrophic larvae are brooded during part of their development within the adult tube.
  • Holte & Oug (1996) noted that in northern Norway, Capitella capitata occurred in two variants; one small form with large eggs (250 µm) and one large form with small eggs (100-125 µm). Similar variants have been found in British waters (Pearson & Pearson, 1991).
Larval development
  • Planas & Mora (1989) calculated that individuals from the north west of Spain take 2-4 weeks to change from eggs to the juvenile stage and about 3 months from juveniles to adults.
  • Cultures of sibling species have indicated a generation time of 30-40 days (Grassle & Grassle, 1976; Grassle, 1984; Whitlatch & Zajac, 1985).
  • Capitella species 1 larvae were attracted by a sulphide concentration of 0.1mm to 1.0mm, yielding higher settlement, subsequent metamorphosis and survival of settled polychaetes compared with non-sulphidic controls (Cuomo, 1985).
Fecundity
Fecundity has been recorded as 460 eggs per female in Barcelona (Mendez, 1995) to 6-600 eggs per female in USA (Grassle & Grassle, 1974).

Longevity
Potential longevity ranged from 45 days in Barcelona (Mendez et al., 1997) to 2 years in a population in England (Warren, 1976).

Other information
Lopes et al. (2000) found that animals fed on the sea grass Zostera marina had the smallest body size, became sexually mature in the shortest period and had the highest average fecundity. Number of eggs produced from the first spawn was the highest for the individuals fed on the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana and the lowest for individuals fed on Zostera marina. Animals fed the green alga Ulva lactuca and the sea grass Zostera marina produced much larger eggs.
Reproduction References Grassle & Grassle, 1974, Pearson & Pearson, 1991, Mendez et al., 1997, Warren, 1976, Holte & Oug, 1996, Qian & Chia, 1994, Tsutsumi & Kichuki, 1984, Planas & Mora, 1989, Grassle & Grassle, 1976, Grassle, 1984, Whitlatch & Zajac, 1985, Cuomo, 1985, Mendez, 1995, Lopes et al., 2000, Eckert, 2003,
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