Channelled wrack (Pelvetia canaliculata)

Pelvetia canaliculata at the water's edge.

Photographer: Judith Oakley Copyright: Judith Oakley

Pelvetia canaliculata hanging from a vertical rock face.

Photographer: Judith Oakley Copyright: Judith Oakley

Pelvetia canaliculata.

Photographer: Sue Scott Copyright: Sue Scott

Clump of Pelvetia canaliculata.

Photographer: Dr Keith Hiscock Copyright: Dr Keith Hiscock

Small Pelvetia canaliculata attached to an intertidal boulder.

Photographer: Judith Oakley Copyright: Judith Oakley

Small Pelvetia canaliculata in a rock crevice.

Photographer: Judith Oakley Copyright: Judith Oakley

Distribution data supplied by the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS). To interrogate UK data visit the NBN Atlas.Map Help

Researched by	Nicola White	Refereed by	Dr Dagmar Stengel
Researched by Nicola White	Refereed by Dr Dagmar Stengel
Authority	(Linnaeus) Decaisne & Thuret, 1845
Authority (Linnaeus) Decaisne & Thuret, 1845
Other common names	-	Synonyms	-
Other common names -	Synonyms -

Summary

Description

A common brown seaweed found high on the shore. It is very tolerant of desiccation surviving up to 8 days out of the water. Pelvetia canaliculata lives for about 4 years and grows up to 15 cm long. The fronds of the algae are curled longitudinally forming a channel.

Recorded distribution in Britain and Ireland

All coasts of Britain and Ireland

Global distribution

Norway, Iceland, UK, Ireland, Atlantic coast of France, Spain and Portugal.

Habitat

Pelvetia canaliculata grows attached to hard substrata on the upper shore. It is found in a band above Fucus spiralis and can tolerate ultra sheltered to moderately exposed conditions.

Depth range

Not relevant

Identifying features

Frond curled longitudinally to form a distinct channel.
Without midrib or airbladders.
Reproductive bodies at ends of branches.
Dichotomously branched.

Additional information

Pelvetia canaliculata has an obligate endophytic fungus Mycosphaerella acophylli (Ascomycetes).

Listed by

- none -

Biology review

Taxonomy

Level	Scientific name	Common name
Phylum	Ochrophyta	Brown and yellow-green seaweeds
Brown and yellow-green seaweeds
Class	Phaeophyceae

Order	Fucales

Family	Fucaceae
Genus	Pelvetia
Authority	(Linnaeus) Decaisne & Thuret, 1845
Recent Synonyms

Biology

Parameter	Data
Typical abundance	High density
Male size range	Up to 15 cm
Male size at maturity	4 cm
Female size range	4 cm
Female size at maturity
Growth form	Shrub
Growth rate	3-4cm/year
Body flexibility
Mobility	Sessile, permanent attachment
Characteristic feeding method	Autotroph
Diet/food source	Photoautotroph
Typically feeds on
Sociability	Solitary
Environmental position	Epifloral
Dependency	Independent.
Supports	No information
Is the species harmful?	No

Biology information

Pelvetia canaliculata is very tolerant of desiccation. It may spend up to 90 percent of the time out of the water and can tolerate 65 percent water loss. The species can photosynthesise when exposed to air but may suffer nutrient stress as it can only obtain nutrients when submerged. The species supports an impoverished fauna due to the harsh physical conditions on the upper shore. A few species of wandering isopods and amphipods may be found sheltering underneath the fronds at low tide.

Habitat preferences

Parameter	Data
Physiographic preferences	Open coast, Strait or Sound, Sea loch or Sea lough, Ria or Voe
Biological zone preferences	Lower littoral fringe
Substratum / habitat preferences	Bedrock, Cobbles, Large to very large boulders, Small boulders
Tidal strength preferences	Moderately strong 1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.), Strong 3 to 6 knots (1.5-3 m/sec.), Weak < 1 knot (<0.5 m/sec.)
Wave exposure preferences	Moderately exposed, Sheltered, Very sheltered
Salinity preferences	Full (30-40 psu), Variable (18-40 psu)
Depth range	Not relevant
Other preferences	No text entered
Migration Pattern	Non-migratory or resident

Habitat Information

Pelvetia canaliculata is the highest living fucoid on the shore. The upper limits of the species distribution are controlled by its physiological tolerances, whereas it's lower limits on the shore are controlled by its ability to compete with Fucus spiralis. Pelvetia canaliculata is capable of growing further down the shore but it is out-competed by faster growing species such as Fucus spiralis and is also heavily grazed. However, this is one of the few algae which requires regular aerial exposure to survive and prolonged submersion, such as in rockpools actually kills the algae.
In moderately exposed conditions Pelvetia canaliculata is capable of growing above the high water mark, where it is supplied with water through spray and waves. In sheltered conditions it grows further down the shore where it will be immersed by spring tides but often not covered by neaps. It has been estimated that some plants spend up to 90 percent of their time out of the water (Fish & Fish, 1996).
Pelvetia canaliculata lives in some lower salinity sites although the balance between the algae and the obligate endophytic fungus Mycosphaerella ascophylli seems to be affected (D. Stengel pers. comm.)

Life history

Adult characteristics

Parameter	Data
Reproductive type	Permanent (synchronous) hermaphrodite
Reproductive frequency	Annual episodic
Fecundity (number of eggs)	No information
Generation time	1-2 years
Age at maturity	1-2 years
Season	August - September
Life span	2-5 years

Larval characteristics

Parameter	Data
Larval/propagule type	-
Larval/juvenile development	Not relevant
Duration of larval stage	No information
Larval dispersal potential	No information
Larval settlement period	Insufficient information

Life history information

Age at maturity. In Ireland, Pelvetia canaliculata is at least two years old before it reaches maturity (D. Stengel pers. comm.)

Reproduction. Pelvetia canaliculata produces gametes within receptacles on the tips of the fronds. Receptacles are initiated in January when they start to swell and become distinguishable. In July, the receptacles start ripening and gametes are released from August to early September, after which the receptacles are shed. Gametes are fertilized externally forming zygotes which then settle. A sporeling of 800 µm in length develops in six months. Plants first produce receptacles at a size of 4 to 5 cm long when they are in their first year.

Sensitivity reviewHow is sensitivity assessed?

The MarLIN sensitivity assessment approach used below has been superseded by the MarESA (Marine Evidence-based Sensitivity Assessment) approach (see menu). The MarLIN approach was used for assessments from 1999-2010. The MarESA approach reflects the recent conservation imperatives and terminology and is used for sensitivity assessments from 2014 onwards.

Physical pressures

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	Intolerance	Recoverability	Sensitivity	Evidence / Confidence
Substratum loss [Show more] Substratum loss Benchmark. All of the substratum occupied by the species or biotope under consideration is removed. A single event is assumed for sensitivity assessment. Once the activity or event has stopped (or between regular events) suitable substratum remains or is deposited. Species or community recovery assumes that the substratum within the habitat preferences of the original species or community is present. Further details Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata is permanently attached to the substratum, so would be removed upon substratum loss. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Smothering [Show more] Smothering Benchmark. All of the population of a species or an area of a biotope is smothered by sediment to a depth of 5 cm above the substratum for one month. Impermeable materials, such as concrete, oil, or tar, are likely to have a greater effect. Further details. Evidence The effects of smothering depend on the state of the tide when the incident occurred. If smothering took place when the plant was emersed the whole of the plant may be buried under the sediment preventing photosynthesis. If smothering happened while the plant was immersed some of the fronds may escape smothering and be able to continue photosynthesis. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Increase in suspended sediment [Show more] Increase in suspended sediment Benchmark. An arbitrary short-term, acute change in background suspended sediment concentration e.g., a change of 100 mg/l for one month. The resultant light attenuation effects are addressed under turbidity, and the effects of rapid settling out of suspended sediment are addressed under smothering. Further details Evidence Silt may settle out on the fronds reducing the light available for photosynthesis and therefore lowering growth rates. Siltation may prevent or certainly reduce recruitment (D. Stengel pers. comm.). Once conditions have returned to normal the growth rate would quickly return to normal.	Low	Immediate	Not sensitive	Moderate
Decrease in suspended sediment [Show more] Decrease in suspended sediment Benchmark. An arbitrary short-term, acute change in background suspended sediment concentration e.g., a change of 100 mg/l for one month. The resultant light attenuation effects are addressed under turbidity, and the effects of rapid settling out of suspended sediment are addressed under smothering. Further details Evidence			No information
Desiccation [Show more] Desiccation A normally subtidal, demersal or pelagic species including intertidal migratory or under-boulder species is continuously exposed to air and sunshine for one hour. A normally intertidal species or community is exposed to a change in desiccation equivalent to a change in position of one vertical biological zone on the shore, e.g., from upper eulittoral to the mid eulittoral or from sublittoral fringe to lower eulittoral for a period of one year. Further details. Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata is very tolerant of desiccation, it can survive emerged for several days after reduction of its water content to just a few percent (Schonbeck & Norton, 1978). However, it cannot withstand desiccation beyond this and an increase in the normal desiccation levels would result in the death of some plants at the uppermost limit of its range. Thus, the upper limit of the Pelvetia canaliculata population would be depressed and so intolerance has been assessed as intermediate. Decreases in the level of desiccation would result in the species being competitively displaced by faster growing species and Pelvetia canaliculata may colonize further up the shore. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	Intermediate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Increase in emergence regime [Show more] Increase in emergence regime Benchmark. A one hour change in the time covered or not covered by the sea for a period of one year. Further details Evidence Even on a regular basis, Pelvetia canaliculata can tolerate emersion for up to 8 days. However, those individuals living at the highest level on the shore are living at the top of their physiological tolerance limits and so would not be likely to tolerate an increase in emersion levels. This would result in the upper extent of the species being depressed. Decreases in emersion would result in the species being competitively displaced by faster growing species and Pelvetia canaliculata may colonize further up the shore. The species requires exposure to air to survive, it decays if transplanted further down the shore (Lobban & Harrison, 1997). Thus, because some individuals in the population are likely to be killed intolerance is assessed as intermediate. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	Intermediate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Decrease in emergence regime [Show more] Decrease in emergence regime Benchmark. A one hour change in the time covered or not covered by the sea for a period of one year. Further details Evidence			No information
Increase in water flow rate [Show more] Increase in water flow rate A change of two categories in water flow rate (view glossary) for 1 year, for example, from moderately strong (1-3 knots) to very weak (negligible). Further details Evidence An increase in water flow rate could cause plants to be torn off the substratum or the substratum with the plants attached may be mobilised. Recruitment may be reduced with an increased in water flow rates. A decrease may result in increased siltation which may also reduce recruitment. Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	Intermediate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Decrease in water flow rate [Show more] Decrease in water flow rate A change of two categories in water flow rate (view glossary) for 1 year, for example, from moderately strong (1-3 knots) to very weak (negligible). Further details Evidence			No information
Increase in temperature [Show more] Increase in temperature A short-term, acute change in temperature; e.g., a 5°C change in the temperature range for three consecutive days. This definition includes ‘short-term’ thermal discharges. A long-term, chronic change in temperature; e.g. a 2°C change in the temperature range for a year. This definition includes ‘long term’ thermal discharges. For intertidal species or communities, the range of temperatures includes the air temperature regime for that species or community. Further details Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata is found in much warmer and much cooler waters than the UK as it is distributed from northern Norway to Spain. It is likely to tolerate a change of 5°C in the short term although it showed some signs of damage during the unusually hot summer of 1983, when the average temperature was 8.3°C higher than normal (Hawkins & Hartnoll, 1985). The effect of such an increase The species is likely to be especially tolerant of a long-term change in temperature of 2°C.	Low	High	Low	Low
Decrease in temperature [Show more] Decrease in temperature A short-term, acute change in temperature; e.g., a 5°C change in the temperature range for three consecutive days. This definition includes ‘short-term’ thermal discharges. A long-term, chronic change in temperature; e.g. a 2°C change in the temperature range for a year. This definition includes ‘long term’ thermal discharges. For intertidal species or communities, the range of temperatures includes the air temperature regime for that species or community. Further details Evidence			No information
Increase in turbidity [Show more] Increase in turbidity A short-term, acute change; e.g., two categories of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one month, such as from medium to extreme turbidity. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., one category of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one year, such as from low to medium turbidity. Further details Evidence An increase in turbidity levels would reduce light levels available for photosynthesis during immersion. However, it has been estimated that Pelvetia canaliculata spends up to 90 percent of its time out of the water (Fish & Fish, 1996) where photosynthesis can still take place whilst the thalli remains wet. Since the algae is able to photosynthesize during the early stages of emersion when the plant is still wet the overall effect of increased turbidity is likely to be minimal. A decrease intolerance has therefore, been recorded as low.	Tolerant	Not relevant	Not sensitive	Moderate
Decrease in turbidity [Show more] Decrease in turbidity A short-term, acute change; e.g., two categories of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one month, such as from medium to extreme turbidity. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., one category of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one year, such as from low to medium turbidity. Further details Evidence			No information
Increase in wave exposure [Show more] Increase in wave exposure A change of two ranks on the wave exposure scale (view glossary) e.g., from Exposed to Extremely exposed for a period of one year. Further details Evidence An increase in wave exposure may cause Pelvetia canaliculata to be torn off the substratum or the substratum with plants attached may be mobilised. It is unlikely that any recruitment will occur in areas of high wave exposure. In such sites Pelvetia canaliculata can only grow in crevices. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Decrease in wave exposure [Show more] Decrease in wave exposure A change of two ranks on the wave exposure scale (view glossary) e.g., from Exposed to Extremely exposed for a period of one year. Further details Evidence			No information
Noise [Show more] Noise Underwater noise levels e.g., the regular passing of a 30-metre trawler at 100 metres or a working cutter-suction transfer dredge at 100 metres for one month during important feeding or breeding periods. Atmospheric noise levels e.g., the regular passing of a Boeing 737 passenger jet 300 metres overhead for one month during important feeding or breeding periods. Further details Evidence Seaweeds have no known mechanism for perception of noise.	Tolerant	Not relevant	Not sensitive	Not relevant
Visual presence [Show more] Visual presence Benchmark. The continuous presence for one month of moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and humans) within the visual envelope of the species or community under consideration. Further details Evidence Seaweeds have no known mechanism for visual perception.	Tolerant	Not relevant	Not sensitive	Not relevant
Abrasion & physical disturbance [Show more] Abrasion & physical disturbance Benchmark. Force equivalent to a standard scallop dredge landing on or being dragged across the organism. A single event is assumed for assessment. This factor includes mechanical interference, crushing, physical blows against, or rubbing and erosion of the organism or habitat of interest. Where trampling is relevant, the evidence and trampling intensity will be reported in the rationale. Further details. Evidence Abrasion may kill germlings and damage the fronds of Pelvetia canaliculata. Fucoids are intolerant of abrasion from human trampling which has been shown to reduce fucoid cover on a shore (Fletcher & Frid, 1996; Holt et al., 1997). Therefore, an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded. Recovery rates may be variable. Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event (Keith Hiscock, pers comm.). Therefore, a recoverability of moderate has been recorded.	Intermediate	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Displacement [Show more] Displacement Benchmark. Removal of the organism from the substratum and displacement from its original position onto a suitable substratum. A single event is assumed for assessment. Further details Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata is permanently attached to the substratum so once removed it cannot re-form an attachment. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate

Chemical pressures

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	Intolerance	Recoverability	Sensitivity	Evidence / Confidence
Synthetic compound contamination [Show more] Synthetic compound contamination Sensitivity is assessed against the available evidence for the effects of contaminants on the species (or closely related species at low confidence) or community of interest. For example: evidence of mass mortality of a population of the species or community of interest (either short or long term) in response to a contaminant will be ranked as high sensitivity; evidence of reduced abundance, or extent of a population of the species or community of interest (either short or long term) in response to a contaminant will be ranked as intermediate sensitivity; evidence of sub-lethal effects or reduced reproductive potential of a population of the species or community of interest will be assessed as low sensitivity. The evidence used is stated in the rationale. Where the assessment can be based on a known activity then this is stated. The tolerance to contaminants of species of interest will be included in the rationale when available; together with relevant supporting material. Further details. Evidence Insufficient information	No information	Not relevant	No information	Not relevant
Heavy metal contamination [Show more] Heavy metal contamination Evidence Fucoids are generally robust in the face of chemical pollution (Holt et al., 1997). However, a 50% reduction in growth took place at copper concentrations of 60-80 micrograms per litre. Stromgren (1977) found the growth of Pelvetia canaliculata is actually enhanced by cadmium at concentrations as high as 1000 micrograms per litre although these experiments were not done under natural conditions and may not be applicable in the field (D. Stengel pers. comm.). The reproductive stages are likely to be the most intolerant.	Low	High	Low	Low
Hydrocarbon contamination [Show more] Hydrocarbon contamination Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata disappeared from heavily oiled shores a couple of months after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill (Floc'h & Diouris, 1980). The intolerance of this species is thought to be due to the long residence time of oil on the algae caused by its position high on the shore. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Radionuclide contamination [Show more] Radionuclide contamination Evidence Insufficient information	No information	Not relevant	No information	Not relevant
Changes in nutrient levels [Show more] Changes in nutrient levels Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata is adapted to living at low nutrient levels because it can only obtain nutrients when immersed, which may be for as little as 10 percent of its time. A decrease in nutrient levels would lower growth rate in the species. An increase in nutrient levels may cause the species to be overgrown by green algae. However, this is unlikely to have a great effect because most of these species, such as Ulva, are strongly seasonal and opportunistic and have only short life-spans. Recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	Intermediate	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Increase in salinity [Show more] Increase in salinity A short-term, acute change; e.g., a change of two categories from the MNCR salinity scale for one week (view glossary) such as from full to reduced. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., a change of one category from the MNCR salinity scale for one year (view glossary) such as from reduced to low. Further details. Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata must be able to withstand wide variations in salinity because it is usually emerged for long periods of time, during which it will be drenched in freshwater from rain. There is recent evidence (D. Stengel pers. comm.) that although Pelvetia canaliculata can tolerate short-term changes in salinity the physiological balance between the alga and the fungus Mycosphaerella may be disturbed in low-salinity conditions in the long-term.	Low	Very high	Very Low	Low
Decrease in salinity [Show more] Decrease in salinity A short-term, acute change; e.g., a change of two categories from the MNCR salinity scale for one week (view glossary) such as from full to reduced. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., a change of one category from the MNCR salinity scale for one year (view glossary) such as from reduced to low. Further details. Evidence			No information
Changes in oxygenation [Show more] Changes in oxygenation Benchmark. Exposure to a dissolved oxygen concentration of 2 mg/l for one week. Further details. Evidence Low oxygen levels are unlikely to affect Pelvetia canaliculata as seaweeds are photoautotrophic and do not need any oxygen for photosynthesis.	No information	Not relevant	No information	Not relevant

Biological pressures

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	Intolerance	Recoverability	Sensitivity	Evidence / Confidence
Introduction of microbial pathogens/parasites [Show more] Introduction of microbial pathogens/parasites Benchmark. Sensitivity can only be assessed relative to a known, named disease, likely to cause partial loss of a species population or community. Further details. Evidence Insufficient information	No information	Not relevant	No information	Not relevant
Introduction of non-native species [Show more] Introduction of non-native species Sensitivity assessed against the likely effect of the introduction of alien or non-native species in Britain or Ireland. Further details. Evidence Insufficient information	No information	Not relevant	No information	Not relevant
Extraction of this species [Show more] Extraction of this species Benchmark. Extraction removes 50% of the species or community from the area under consideration. Sensitivity will be assessed as 'intermediate'. The habitat remains intact or recovers rapidly. Any effects of the extraction process on the habitat itself are addressed under other factors, e.g. displacement, abrasion and physical disturbance, and substratum loss. Further details. Evidence Pelvetia canaliculata can recover quickly from harvesting if plants only greater than 14cm are removed. Otherwise recovery rates may be variable, Subrahmanyan (1960) observed that the species readily recruits to cleared areas of the shore and full recovery of the community takes place within five years. However, in the Shetlands Pelvetia canaliculata did not recolonize shores that had been bulldozed until 7-8 years after the event.	Intermediate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Extraction of other species [Show more] Extraction of other species Benchmark. A species that is a required host or prey for the species under consideration (and assuming that no alternative host exists) or a keystone species in a biotope is removed. Any effects of the extraction process on the habitat itself are addressed under other factors, e.g. displacement, abrasion and physical disturbance, and substratum loss. Further details. Evidence NR	Not relevant	Not relevant	Not relevant	Not relevant

Additional information

Importance review

Policy/legislation

- no data -

Status

National (GB) importance	-	Global red list (IUCN) category	-
National (GB) importance -
Global red list (IUCN) category -

Non-native

Parameter	Data
Native	-
Origin	-
Date Arrived	-

Importance information

Pelvetia canaliculata was historically harvested for use as animal fodder. Sheep still graze Pelvetia canaliculata on the shore in Shetland at least.

Bibliography

Fish, J.D. & Fish, S., 1996. A student's guide to the seashore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Floc'h, J. H. & Diouris, M., 1980. Initial effects of Amoco Cadiz oil on intertidal algae. Ambio, 9, 284-286.
Hardy, F.G. & Guiry, M.D., 2003. A check-list and atlas of the seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. London: British Phycological Society
Hawkins, S.J. & Hartnoll, R.G., 1985. Factors determining the upper limits of intertidal canopy-forming algae. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 20, 265-271.
Holt, T.J., Hartnoll, R.G. & Hawkins, S.J., 1997. The sensitivity and vulnerability to man-induced change of selected communities: intertidal brown algal shrubs, Zostera beds and Sabellaria spinulosa reefs. English Nature, Peterborough, English Nature Research Report No. 234.
Schonbeck, M.W. & Norton, T.A., 1978. Factors controlling the upper limits of fucoid algae on the shore. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 31, 303-313.
Subrahmanyan, R., 1960. Ecological studies on the Fucales. Part 1. Pelvetia canaliculata Dene. et Thur. The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society, 39, 614 - 630.

Datasets

Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre, 2017. BRERC species records recorded over 15 years ago. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/h1ln5p accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25.
Bristol Regional Environmental Records Centre, 2017. BRERC species records within last 15 years. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/vntgox accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25.
Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, 2018. Ulster Museum Marine Surveys of Northern Ireland Coastal Waters. Occurrence dataset https://www.nmni.com/CEDaR/CEDaR-Centre-for-Environmental-Data-and-Recording.aspx accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-25.
Cofnod – North Wales Environmental Information Service, 2018. Miscellaneous records held on the Cofnod database. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/hcgqsi accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25.
Environmental Records Information Centre North East, 2018. ERIC NE Combined dataset to 2017. Occurrence dataset: http://www.ericnortheast.org.ukl accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-38
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2014. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/erweal accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2015. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/xtrbvy accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2016. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/146yiz accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Kent Wildlife Trust, 2018. Kent Wildlife Trust Shoresearch Intertidal Survey 2004 onwards. Occurrence dataset: https://www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01.
Lancashire Environment Record Network, 2018. LERN Records. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/esxc9a accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2017. Isle of Man wildlife records from 01/01/2000 to 13/02/2017. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/mopwow accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2018. Isle of Man historical wildlife records 1990 to 1994. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/aru16v accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2018. Isle of Man historical wildlife records 1995 to 1999. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/lo2tge accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
National Trust, 2017. National Trust Species Records. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/opc6g1 accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
NBN (National Biodiversity Network) Atlas. Available from: https://www.nbnatlas.org.
OBIS (Ocean Biodiversity Information System), 2024. Global map of species distribution using gridded data. Available from: Ocean Biogeographic Information System. www.iobis.org. Accessed: 2024-12-21
Outer Hebrides Biological Recording, 2018. Non-vascular Plants, Outer Hebrides. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/goidos accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2018. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Herbarium (E). Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/ypoair accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02.
South East Wales Biodiversity Records Centre, 2018. SEWBReC Algae and allied species (South East Wales). Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/55albd accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02.
South East Wales Biodiversity Records Centre, 2018. Dr Mary Gillham Archive Project. Occurance dataset: http://www.sewbrec.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-02
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Citation

This review can be cited as:

White, N. 2008. Pelvetia canaliculata Channelled wrack. In Tyler-Walters H. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews, [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. [cited 21-12-2024]. Available from: https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1342

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Last Updated: 29/05/2008

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