Asexual |
1) Reproduction not involving the exchange of genetic matererial, amictic, individuals derived from a single parent (Barnes et al., 1993). 2) Reproduction not involving the fusion of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998). |
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Vegetative An asexual processes occurring as a result of fragmentation, division or budding from the parent organism (see Lincoln et al., 1998). Development by somatic growth (see Bold, 1977). |
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Budding |
A form of asexual multiplication in which a new individual begins life as an outgrowth from the body of the parent. It may then separate to lead an independent existence or remain connected or otherwise associated to form a colonial organism (Barnes et al., 1993). |
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Fission |
A form of asexual multiplication involving division of the body into two or more parts each or all of which can grow into new individuals (Barnes et al., 1993). |
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Apomictic parthenogenesis |
1) Reproduction via single cells /eggs that are derived by mitosis - amictic (Barnes et al., 1993). 2) Parthenogenesis in which meiosis is suppressed so that neither chromosome reduction nor corresponding phenomenon occurs (Lincoln et al., 1998). |
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Sexual |
1) Reproduction involvong the regular alternation of gaamete formation by meiosis, and gamete fusion (karyogamy) to form a zygote (Lincoln et al.,1998). 2) Reproduction where recombination of genetic material, derived form more than one parent is possible (Barnes et al., 1993). |
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Hermaphrodite (monoecious) Both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual (animals) or flower (plants) (Lincoln et al., 1998). |
Permanent (synchronous) hermaphrodite Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time (Barnes et al., 1993). |
Self-fertilizing |
Union of male and female gametes produced by the same individual (Lincoln et al., 1998). |
Non-selfing |
Incapable of self-fertilization, due to physical or temporal separation of gametes, and/or self-compatability genes. |
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Automictic parthenogenesis |
Obligate self-fertilization (Lincoln et al., 1998) in which haploid eggs /gametes are produced by meiosis but diploidy restored without fertilization (but sometimes with insemination). |
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Sequential hermaphrodite Consecutive hermaphrodite (Lincoln et al., 1998) - in which one type of gamete (male or female) is produced before the other. |
Protandrous hermaphrodite |
Hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature (Holmes, 1979). |
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Protogynous hermaphrodite |
Hermaphroditism in plants and animals where female gametes mature and are shed before male gametes mature (Holmes, 1979). |
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Gonochoristic (dioecious) |
Having separate sexes/genders (Barnes et al., 1993). |
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Arrhenotoky |
Haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs |
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Pseudo-arrhenotoky |
Males develop from diploid fertilized eggs but subsequently eliminate orsilence the paternal genome |
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Alternation of generations |
The alternation of generations, in the life cycle of an organism, that exhibit different modes of reproduction; typically sexual (diploid) and asexual (haploid) phases. Also termed metagenesis (Lincoln et al., 1998). (e.g. Daphnia, some rotifers). |
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Sporogenesis |
Reproduction via spores |
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References
Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. and Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
Bold, H.C., 1977. The Plant Kingdom (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Holmes, S., 1979. Henderson’s dictionary of biological terms. 9th ed. London: Hendersons.
Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.