BIOTIC Species Information for Pennatula phosphorea
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| Researched by | Morvan Barnes | Data supplied by | MarLIN | ||||||||||||
| Refereed by | This information is not refereed | ||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy | |||||||||||||||
| Scientific name | Pennatula phosphorea | Common name | Phosphorescent sea pen | ||||||||||||
| MCS Code | D623 | Recent Synonyms | |||||||||||||
| Phylum | Cnidaria | Subphylum | |||||||||||||
| Superclass | Anthozoa | Class | Octocorallia | ||||||||||||
| Subclass | Order | Pennatulacea | |||||||||||||
| Suborder | Family | Pennatulidae | |||||||||||||
| Genus | Pennatula | Species | phosphorea | ||||||||||||
| Subspecies | |||||||||||||||
| Additional Information | |||||||||||||||
| Taxonomy References | Manuel, 1988, Howson & Picton, 1997, Mackie, 1998, Nicol, 1958, Howson & Picton, 1997, Hayward & Ryland, 1995b, | ||||||||||||||
| General Biology | |||||||||||||||
| Growth form | Pinnate |
Feeding method | Passive suspension feeder |
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| Mobility/Movement | Burrower Permanent attachment |
Environmental position | Epifaunal Infaunal |
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| Typical food types | Plankton and organic particles | Habit | Erect | ||||||||||||
| Bioturbator | Flexibility | Low (10-45 degrees) | |||||||||||||
| Fragility | Intermediate | Size | Medium-large(21-50cm) | ||||||||||||
| Height | Not researched | Growth Rate | |||||||||||||
| Adult dispersal potential | Dependency | Independent | |||||||||||||
| Sociability | Colonial | ||||||||||||||
| Toxic/Poisonous? | No | ||||||||||||||
| General Biology Additional Information | |||||||||||||||
| Biology References | Hayward & Ryland, 1995b, Basford et al., 1989, Mackie, 1998, Manuel, 1988, Nicol, 1958, | ||||||||||||||
| Distribution and Habitat | |||||||||||||||
| Distribution in Britain & Ireland | Found on all British and Irish coasts, except in the south. | ||||||||||||||
| Global distribution | Found in north-west Europe, mainly around Britain and Ireland, as far south as southern Spain and the Azores and off the coasts of Greece. | ||||||||||||||
| Biogeographic range | Temperate to warm temperate. | Depth range | Found below 15 m depth. | ||||||||||||
| Migratory | Non-migratory / Resident | ||||||||||||||
| Distribution Additional Information | |||||||||||||||
| Substratum preferences | Coarse clean sand Fine clean sand Sandy mud Muddy sand Mud Muddy sandy gravel Gravelley sand Muddy gravelly sand Sandy gravelly mud |
Physiographic preferences | Open coast Offshore seabed |
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| Biological zone | Upper Circalittoral Lower Circalittoral Circalittoral Offshore |
Wave exposure | Field unresearched |
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| Tidal stream strength/Water flow | Field unresearched |
Salinity | Full (30-40 psu) |
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| Habitat Preferences Additional Information | |||||||||||||||
| Distribution References | Manuel, 1988, Basford, Eleftheriou & Raffaelli, 1989, NBN, 2002, Hayward & Ryland, 1995b, Basford et al., 1989, Manuel, 1988, | ||||||||||||||
| Reproduction/Life History | |||||||||||||||
| Reproductive type | Gonochoristic |
Developmental mechanism | Planktotrophic |
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| Reproductive Season | Not researched | Reproductive Location | Water column | ||||||||||||
| Reproductive frequency | Annual protracted | Regeneration potential | No | ||||||||||||
| Life span | 11-20 years | Age at reproductive maturity | 6-10 years | ||||||||||||
| Generation time | Not researched | Fecundity | Insufficient information | ||||||||||||
| Egg/propagule size | Not researched | Fertilization type | External | ||||||||||||
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| Reproduction Preferences Additional Information | |||||||||||||||
| Reproduction References | Hayward & Ryland, 1995b, Manuel, 1988, | ||||||||||||||
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