The Marine Life Information Network

Substratum loss

Benchmark. All of the substratum occupied by the species or biotope under consideration is removed. A single event is assumed for sensitivity assessment. Once the activity or event has stopped (or between regular events) suitable substratum remains or is deposited. Species or community recovery assumes that the substratum within the habitat preferences of the original species or community is present. Further details

Evidence

Pachycordyle navis lives attached to algae, so would be removed with the algae upon substratum loss. There would be no recovery of the population because only two extant populations of Pachycordyle navis are known: Widewater lagoon, Sussex and Kiel Canal, Germany.

Smothering

Benchmark. All of the population of a species or an area of a biotope is smothered by sediment to a depth of 5 cm above the substratum for one month. Impermeable materials, such as concrete, oil, or tar, are likely to have a greater effect. Further details.

Evidence

The species would be affected by smothering if the algae on which it lives is completely covered in the sediment. If the algae protrudes sufficiently above the sediment the hydroid may escape the effects of smothering.

Increase in suspended sediment

Benchmark. An arbitrary short-term, acute change in background suspended sediment concentration e.g., a change of 100 mg/l for one month. The resultant light attenuation effects are addressed under turbidity, and the effects of rapid settling out of suspended sediment are addressed under smothering. Further details

Evidence

Pachycordyle navis is likely to have some tolerance to siltation as it inhabits lagoons where siltation frequently occurs. The algae on which the species lives will also lift the hydroid above the accumulation of silt. However, the heath of the host algae may be adversely affected by siltation.

Decrease in suspended sediment

Benchmark. An arbitrary short-term, acute change in background suspended sediment concentration e.g., a change of 100 mg/l for one month. The resultant light attenuation effects are addressed under turbidity, and the effects of rapid settling out of suspended sediment are addressed under smothering. Further details

Evidence

Desiccation

1. A normally subtidal, demersal or pelagic species including intertidal migratory or under-boulder species is continuously exposed to air and sunshine for one hour.
2. A normally intertidal species or community is exposed to a change in desiccation equivalent to a change in position of one vertical biological zone on the shore, e.g., from upper eulittoral to the mid eulittoral or from sublittoral fringe to lower eulittoral for a period of one year. Further details.

Evidence

The species is vulnerable to desiccation because it is soft bodied and has no protection from the drying effects of sun and wind. Some of the population may be sheltered from desiccation if they are present on the underside of the algal frond. However, if the whole population is destroyed recoverability would be non-existent because only two populations of Thieliana navis occur worldwide.

Increase in emergence regime

Benchmark. A one hour change in the time covered or not covered by the sea for a period of one year. Further details

Evidence

The species is vulnerable to emergence because it is soft bodied and has no protection from desiccation. Some of the population may be sheltered from desiccation if they are present on the underside of the algal frond. However, if the whole population is destroyed recoverability would be very low because only two populations of Pachycordyle navis occur worldwide.

Decrease in emergence regime

Benchmark. A one hour change in the time covered or not covered by the sea for a period of one year. Further details

Evidence

Increase in water flow rate

A change of two categories in water flow rate (view glossary) for 1 year, for example, from moderately strong (1-3 knots) to very weak (negligible). Further details

Evidence

The species would probably not be affected by a change in water flow because it is permanently attached to the algae and may be able to withstand high water flow rates because they have been transported long distances on ships hulls.

Decrease in water flow rate

A change of two categories in water flow rate (view glossary) for 1 year, for example, from moderately strong (1-3 knots) to very weak (negligible). Further details

Evidence

Increase in temperature

1. A short-term, acute change in temperature; e.g., a 5°C change in the temperature range for three consecutive days. This definition includes ‘short-term’ thermal discharges.
2. A long-term, chronic change in temperature; e.g. a 2°C change in the temperature range for a year. This definition includes ‘long term’ thermal discharges.

For intertidal species or communities, the range of temperatures includes the air temperature regime for that species or community. Further details

Evidence

The temperature resistance of the Pachycordyle navis is not known.

Decrease in temperature

1. A short-term, acute change in temperature; e.g., a 5°C change in the temperature range for three consecutive days. This definition includes ‘short-term’ thermal discharges.
2. A long-term, chronic change in temperature; e.g. a 2°C change in the temperature range for a year. This definition includes ‘long term’ thermal discharges.

For intertidal species or communities, the range of temperatures includes the air temperature regime for that species or community. Further details

Evidence

Increase in turbidity

1. A short-term, acute change; e.g., two categories of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one month, such as from medium to extreme turbidity.
2. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., one category of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one year, such as from low to medium turbidity. Further details

Evidence

The species is unlikely to be affected by a change in turbidity as it is not dependant on light availability and it would not interfere with its feeding. However, the host algae may be adversely affected by a reduction in light availability.

Decrease in turbidity

1. A short-term, acute change; e.g., two categories of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one month, such as from medium to extreme turbidity.
2. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., one category of the water clarity scale (see glossary) for one year, such as from low to medium turbidity. Further details

Evidence

Increase in wave exposure

A change of two ranks on the wave exposure scale (view glossary) e.g., from Exposed to Extremely exposed for a period of one year. Further details

Evidence

A change in wave exposure is unlikely to occur in a lagoon unless one of the lagoon boundaries is breached. The species would probably not be affected by an increase in wave exposure because it does not present a large surface area to wave action. However, it's host algae may be intolerant of wave exposure and may be washed away.

Decrease in wave exposure

A change of two ranks on the wave exposure scale (view glossary) e.g., from Exposed to Extremely exposed for a period of one year. Further details

Evidence

Noise

1. Underwater noise levels e.g., the regular passing of a 30-metre trawler at 100 metres or a working cutter-suction transfer dredge at 100 metres for one month during important feeding or breeding periods.
2. Atmospheric noise levels e.g., the regular passing of a Boeing 737 passenger jet 300 metres overhead for one month during important feeding or breeding periods. Further details

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Visual presence

Benchmark. The continuous presence for one month of moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and humans) within the visual envelope of the species or community under consideration. Further details

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Abrasion & physical disturbance

Benchmark. Force equivalent to a standard scallop dredge landing on or being dragged across the organism. A single event is assumed for assessment. This factor includes mechanical interference, crushing, physical blows against, or rubbing and erosion of the organism or habitat of interest. Where trampling is relevant, the evidence and trampling intensity will be reported in the rationale. Further details.

Evidence

The species and its host algae are flexible so will 'give' under abrasion. However, they occur on top of the sediment and would probably be removed, along with surface substratum by a passing scallop dredge (or equivalent force). The impact is likely to be equivalent to substratum loss. Therefore, an intolerance of high has been recorded.
Hydroids are generally regarded as opportunistic species with good recruitment, the ability to reproduce asexually or sexually, colonize space rapidly and with good powers of recovery from damage (see Boero, 1984; Gili & Hughes, 1995). Hydroids can form highly resistant resting stages and recover or spread by fragmentation (Gili & Hughes 1995). Therefore, hydroids are likely to recover rapidly from physical disturbance from resting stages or pieces of hydrorhizae on the remaining substratum, or fragments. However, Pachycordyle navis releases planulae from its gonothecae that probably have limited dispersal capability (see Sommer, 1992; Gili & Hughes, 1995). It is an introduced species thought to have been transported by shipping, either on the hull or in the ballast water (Reise et al., 1999) but has a very limited distribution, which suggests either a limited recruitment capability and/or a narrow range of environmental preferences. Although it was recorded in the Widewater lagoon in 1973, its has not been recorded from any other sites in the UK since. It seems unlikely that it can recruit from other areas, or extremely slowly, save by the chance anthropogenic introductions, e.g. via shipping. If the population was completely destroyed by physical disturbance then recovery is unlikely. Nevertheless, the population may recover from resting stages or fragments. Therefore, a recoverability of low has been recorded.

Displacement

Benchmark. Removal of the organism from the substratum and displacement from its original position onto a suitable substratum. A single event is assumed for assessment. Further details

Evidence

Pachycordyle navis is permanently attached to algae and would be unable to re-attach itself if removed. If the whole population is destroyed recoverability would be very low because only two populations of Pachycordyle navis occur worldwide.

Synthetic compound contamination

Sensitivity is assessed against the available evidence for the effects of contaminants on the species (or closely related species at low confidence) or community of interest. For example:

• evidence of mass mortality of a population of the species or community of interest (either short or long term) in response to a contaminant will be ranked as high sensitivity;
• evidence of reduced abundance, or extent of a population of the species or community of interest (either short or long term) in response to a contaminant will be ranked as intermediate sensitivity;
• evidence of sub-lethal effects or reduced reproductive potential of a population of the species or community of interest will be assessed as low sensitivity.

The evidence used is stated in the rationale. Where the assessment can be based on a known activity then this is stated. The tolerance to contaminants of species of interest will be included in the rationale when available; together with relevant supporting material. Further details.

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Heavy metal contamination

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Hydrocarbon contamination

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Radionuclide contamination

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Changes in nutrient levels

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Increase in salinity

1. A short-term, acute change; e.g., a change of two categories from the MNCR salinity scale for one week (view glossary) such as from full to reduced.
2. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., a change of one category from the MNCR salinity scale for one year (view glossary) such as from reduced to low. Further details.

Evidence

Evidence suggests that the species is tolerant of fully saline conditions because it can survive on ships hulls. The species must be tolerant of reduced salinity because it occurs in lagoons but the tolerance of the species to very reduced salinities is not known.

Decrease in salinity

1. A short-term, acute change; e.g., a change of two categories from the MNCR salinity scale for one week (view glossary) such as from full to reduced.
2. A long-term, chronic change; e.g., a change of one category from the MNCR salinity scale for one year (view glossary) such as from reduced to low. Further details.

Evidence

Changes in oxygenation

Benchmark.  Exposure to a dissolved oxygen concentration of 2 mg/l for one week. Further details.

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Introduction of microbial pathogens/parasites

Benchmark. Sensitivity can only be assessed relative to a known, named disease, likely to cause partial loss of a species population or community. Further details.

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Introduction of non-native species

Sensitivity assessed against the likely effect of the introduction of alien or non-native species in Britain or Ireland. Further details.

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Extraction of this species

Benchmark. Extraction removes 50% of the species or community from the area under consideration. Sensitivity will be assessed as 'intermediate'. The habitat remains intact or recovers rapidly. Any effects of the extraction process on the habitat itself are addressed under other factors, e.g. displacement, abrasion and physical disturbance, and substratum loss. Further details.

Evidence

Insufficient
information

Extraction of other species

Benchmark. A species that is a required host or prey for the species under consideration (and assuming that no alternative host exists) or a keystone species in a biotope is removed. Any effects of the extraction process on the habitat itself are addressed under other factors, e.g. displacement, abrasion and physical disturbance, and substratum loss. Further details.

Evidence

Insufficient
information