Habitats listed under the Habitats Directive

Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora - the 'Habitats Directive' aims to conserve biodiversity across the area of the European Union through a coherent network of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). The EU Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora came into force on 21 May 1992. Seven marine habitat types are listed in the Directive. 

Available MarLIN information on habitats (biotopes) that 'may occur within', are 'contained within' or that are 'typical of' Annex I Habitats are listed below, where available. Both 'non-physiographic' and 'physiographic' habitat types are included, based on the JNCC rationalised list (JNCC).

Habitat listings

Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)

Estuaries

Infralittoral fluid mobile mud missing

Infralittoral fluid mobile mud

Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment missing

Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment

Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand

Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand

Saltmarsh (pioneer)

Saltmarsh (pioneer)

Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries) missing

Sublittoral sand in variable salinity (estuaries)

[Aphelochaeta marioni] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud missing

Aphelochaeta marioni and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mud

[Aphelochaeta] spp. and [Polydora] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment missing

Aphelochaeta spp. and Polydora spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment

[Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock

Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock

[Cordylophora caspia] and [Einhornia crustulenta] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Cordylophora caspia and Einhornia crustulenta on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Crepidula fornicata] and [Mediomastus fragilis] in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment

Crepidula fornicata and Mediomastus fragilis in variable salinity infralittoral mixed sediment

[Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock

Fucus ceranoides on reduced salinity eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus and large Mytilus edulis on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock missing

Fucus spiralis on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock

[Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and [Conopeum reticulum] on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata

Hartlaubella gelatinosa and Conopeum reticulum on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud

Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud

Hediste diversicolor and Macoma balthica in littoral sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud

Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] dominated gravelly sandy mud shores missing

Hediste diversicolor dominated gravelly sandy mud shores

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud shores

Hediste diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Scrobicularia plana in littoral sandy mud shores

[Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri], [Tubifex tubifex] and [Gammarus] spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment missing

Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Tubifex tubifex and Gammarus spp. in low salinity infralittoral muddy sediment

[Mytilus edulis] beds on reduced salinity tide-swept infralittoral rock missing

Mytilus edulis beds on reduced salinity tide-swept infralittoral rock

[Neomysis integer] and [Gammarus] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand missing

Neomysis integer and Gammarus spp. in variable salinity infralittoral mobile sand

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud missing

Nephtys hombergii and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral mud

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Tubificoides] spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud missing

Nephtys hombergii and Tubificoides spp. in variable salinity infralittoral soft mud

[Nephtys hombergii], [Macoma balthica] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud missing

Nephtys hombergii, Macoma balthica and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral sandy mud

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock

Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock

[Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud missing

Tubificoides benedii and other oligochaetes in littoral mud

Lagoons

Large shallow inlets and bays

Grazed [Saccharina latissima] with [Echinus], brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed Saccharina latissima with Echinus, brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed, mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccharina latissima] on sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Grazed, mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima on sheltered infralittoral rock

Kelp in variable or reduced salinity missing

Kelp in variable or reduced salinity

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on exposed infralittoral rock missing

Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on exposed infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccharina latissima] forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock missing

Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccharina latissima] park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock missing

Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock

Silted cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] on very sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Silted cape-form Laminaria hyperborea on very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral mud

Arenicola marina in infralittoral mud

[Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad [mackayi] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata

Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackayi beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata

Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock

Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral rock

[Cerastoderma edule] and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand missing

Cerastoderma edule and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand

[Cerastoderma edule] with [Abra nitida] in infralittoral mud missing

Cerastoderma edule with Abra nitida in infralittoral mud

[Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata

Fucus spiralis on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

Fucus spiralis on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Fucus vesiculosus on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata

Fucus vesiculosus on mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Eteone longa] in littoral muddy sand missing

Hediste diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Eteone longa in littoral muddy sand

[Laminaria digitata], ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock

Laminaria digitata, ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock

Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered littoral fringe rock

[Saccharina latissima] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock

Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock

[Saccharina latissima] forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock

Saccharina latissima forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] on very sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Saccharina latissima on very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock

Saccharina latissima park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock

[Sargassum muticum] on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

Sargassum muticum on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Zostera (Zostera) marina] beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand

Zostera (Zostera) marina beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand

Large shallow inlets and bays rias

Large shallow inlets and bays sealochs

Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and [Balanus crenatus] on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock missing

Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and Balanus crenatus on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock

Loose-lying mats of [Phyllophora crispa] on infralittoral muddy sediment missing

Loose-lying mats of Phyllophora crispa on infralittoral muddy sediment

Mats of [Bonnemaisonia] on infralittoral muddy gravel missing

Mats of Bonnemaisonia on infralittoral muddy gravel

Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids missing

Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids

Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock missing

Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock

[Codium] spp. with red seaweeds and sparse [Saccharina latissima] on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Codium spp. with red seaweeds and sparse Saccharina latissima on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Modiolus modiolus beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

Modiolus modiolus beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with [Mimachlamys varia], sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Modiolus modiolus beds with Mimachlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

[Ocnus planci] aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment

Ocnus planci aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment

[Saccharina latissima] and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand missing

Saccharina latissima and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand

[Saccharina latissima] and [Chorda filum] on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment

Saccharina latissima and Chorda filum on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment

[Saccharina latissima] and [Psammechinus miliaris] on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock

Saccharina latissima and Psammechinus miliaris on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock missing

Saccharina latissima with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment missing

Saccharina latissima with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment

[Saccharina latissima] with [Phyllophora] spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock missing

Saccharina latissima with Phyllophora spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] with [Psammechinus miliaris] and/or [Modiolus modiolus] on variable salinity infralittoral sediment missing

Saccharina latissima with Psammechinus miliaris and/or Modiolus modiolus on variable salinity infralittoral sediment

[Saccharina latissima], [Gracilaria gracilis] and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment missing

Saccharina latissima, Gracilaria gracilis and brown seaweeds on full salinity infralittoral sediment

[Serpula vermicularis] reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand

Serpula vermicularis reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand

Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide

Amphipods and [Scolelepis] spp. in littoral medium-fine sand missing

Amphipods and Scolelepis spp. in littoral medium-fine sand

Barren littoral coarse sand

Barren littoral coarse sand

Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores

Barren or amphipod-dominated mobile sand shores

Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand missing

Oligochaetes in full salinity littoral mobile sand

Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand

Oligochaetes in variable salinity littoral mobile sand

Polychaete / bivalve dominated muddy sand shores

Polychaete / bivalve dominated muddy sand shores

Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaetes in littoral fine sand

Polychaetes, including [Paraonis fulgens], in littoral fine sand

Polychaetes, including Paraonis fulgens, in littoral fine sand

Talitrids on the upper shore and strand-line

Talitrids on the upper shore and strand-line

[Bathyporeia pilosa] and [Corophium arenarium] in littoral muddy sand

Bathyporeia pilosa and Corophium arenarium in littoral muddy sand

[Cerastoderma edule] and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand missing

Cerastoderma edule and polychaetes in littoral muddy sand

[Eurydice pulchra] in littoral mobile sand

Eurydice pulchra in littoral mobile sand

[Hediste diversicolor] and oligochaetes in littoral mud

Hediste diversicolor and oligochaetes in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud

Hediste diversicolor and Corophium volutator in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud

Hediste diversicolor and Macoma balthica in littoral sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud

Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral sandy mud

[Hediste diversicolor] in littoral mud

Hediste diversicolor in littoral mud

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Eteone longa] in littoral muddy sand missing

Hediste diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Eteone longa in littoral muddy sand

[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud shores

Hediste diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Scrobicularia plana in littoral sandy mud shores

[Lanice conchilega] in littoral sand

Lanice conchilega in littoral sand

[Nephtys cirrosa] - dominated littoral fine sand

Nephtys cirrosa - dominated littoral fine sand

[Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud missing

Nephtys hombergii and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral mud

[Nephtys hombergii], [Macoma balthica] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud missing

Nephtys hombergii, Macoma balthica and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral sandy mud

[Pontocrates arenarius] in littoral mobile sand missing

Pontocrates arenarius in littoral mobile sand

[Scolelepis] spp. in littoral mobile sand missing

Scolelepis spp. in littoral mobile sand

[Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud missing

Tubificoides benedii and other oligochaetes in littoral mud

[Zostera (Zostera) marina] beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand

Zostera (Zostera) marina beds on lower shore or infralittoral clean or muddy sand

[Zostera (Zosterella) noltei] beds in littoral muddy sand

Zostera (Zosterella) noltei beds in littoral muddy sand

Reefs

Anemones, including [Corynactis viridis,] crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock missing

Anemones, including Corynactis viridis, crustose sponges and colonial ascidians on very exposed or wave surged vertical infralittoral rock

Atlantic lower bathyal live [Solenosmilia variabilis] reef (biogenic structure) missing

Atlantic lower bathyal live Solenosmilia variabilis reef (biogenic structure)

Atlantic upper bathyal live [Lophelia pertusa] reef (biogenic structure) missing

Atlantic upper bathyal live Lophelia pertusa reef (biogenic structure)

Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors

Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors

Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Brittlestars on faunal and algal encrusted exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, [Parasmittina trispinosa] and [Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock missing

Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, Parasmittina trispinosa and Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Bryozoan turf and erect sponges on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock

Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock

Circalittoral caves and overhangs

Circalittoral caves and overhangs

Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity

Circalittoral faunal communities in variable salinity

Circalittoral [Sabellaria] reefs (on rock)

Circalittoral Sabellaria reefs (on rock)

Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies missing

Coralline crusts and crustaceans on mobile boulders or cobbles in surge gullies

Coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis] in shallow eulittoral rockpools

Coralline crusts and Corallina officinalis in shallow eulittoral rockpools

Coralline crusts and [Paracentrotus lividus] in shallow eulittoral rockpools missing

Coralline crusts and Paracentrotus lividus in shallow eulittoral rockpools

Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Coralline crusts in surge gullies and scoured infralittoral rock

Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with [Dendrodoa grossularia] or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock missing

Crustose sponges and colonial ascidians with Dendrodoa grossularia or barnacles on wave-surged infralittoral rock

Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls

Crustose sponges on extremely wave-surged infralittoral cave or gully walls

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock missing

Cushion sponges and hydroids on turbid tide-swept variable salinity sheltered circalittoral rock

Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock missing

Cushion sponges, hydroids and ascidians on turbid tide-swept sheltered circalittoral rock

Deep sponge communities missing

Deep sponge communities

Dense brittlestars with sparse [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinali]s on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Dense brittlestars with sparse Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock missing

Dense foliose red seaweeds on silty moderately exposed infralittoral rock

Dense [Desmarestia] spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock missing

Dense Desmarestia spp. with filamentous red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral cobbles, pebbles and bedrock

Discrete [Lophelia pertusa] colonies on Atlantic mid bathyal rock and other hard substrata missing

Discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies on Atlantic mid bathyal rock and other hard substrata

Discrete [Lophelia pertusa] colonies on Atlantic upper bathyal rock and other hard substrata missing

Discrete Lophelia pertusa colonies on Atlantic upper bathyal rock and other hard substrata

Discrete [Solenosmilia variabilis] colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment missing

Discrete Solenosmilia variabilis colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal coarse sediment

Discrete [Solenosmilia variabilis] colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal rock and other hard substrata missing

Discrete Solenosmilia variabilis colonies on Atlantic lower bathyal rock and other hard substrata

Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata

Ephemeral green and red seaweeds on variable salinity and/or disturbed eulittoral mixed substrata

Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Faunal and algal crusts on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Faunal and algal crusts with [Spirobranchus triqueter] and sparse [Alcyonium digitatum] on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Faunal and algal crusts with Spirobranchus triqueter and sparse Alcyonium digitatum on exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls

Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls

Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and [Balanus crenatus] on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock missing

Filamentous red seaweeds, sponges and Balanus crenatus on tide-swept variable-salinity infralittoral rock

Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock

Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock

Foliose red seaweeds with dense [Dictyota dichotoma] and/or [Dictyopteris polypodioides] on exposed lower infralittoral rock missing

Foliose red seaweeds with dense Dictyota dichotoma and/or Dictyopteris polypodioides on exposed lower infralittoral rock

Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances

Foliose seaweeds and coralline crusts in surge gully entrances

Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools

Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools

Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock

Grazed Laminaria hyperborea forest with coralline crusts on upper infralittoral rock

Grazed [Laminaria hyperborea] park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock

Grazed Laminaria hyperborea park with coralline crusts on lower infralittoral rock

Grazed [Saccharina latissima] with [Echinus], brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed Saccharina latissima with Echinus, brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock

Grazed, mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccharina latissima] on sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Grazed, mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima on sheltered infralittoral rock

Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings

Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings

Green seaweeds ([Ulva] spp. and [Cladophora] spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools

Green seaweeds (Ulva spp. and Cladophora spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools

Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools missing

Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and Littorina littorea in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools

Kelp in variable or reduced salinity missing

Kelp in variable or reduced salinity

Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock missing

Large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Littoral caves and overhangs

Littoral caves and overhangs

Littoral mussel beds on sediment missing

Littoral mussel beds on sediment

Lobose sponge and stylasterid assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock and other hard substrata missing

Lobose sponge and stylasterid assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal rock and other hard substrata

Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic mid bathyal [Lophelia pertusa] reef framework (biogenic structure) missing

Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic mid bathyal Lophelia pertusa reef framework (biogenic structure)

Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal [Lophelia pertusa] reef framework (biogenic structure) missing

Mixed coral assemblage on Atlantic upper bathyal Lophelia pertusa reef framework (biogenic structure)

Mixed fucoids, [Chorda filum] and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Mixed fucoids, Chorda filum and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids missing

Mixed kelp and red seaweeds on infralittoral boulders, cobbles and gravel in tidal rapids

Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock missing

Mixed kelp with foliose red seaweeds, sponges and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock

Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock

Mixed kelps with scour-tolerant and opportunistic foliose red seaweeds on scoured or sand-covered infralittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Cylista elegans] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Cylista elegans on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with [Dysidia fragilis] and [Actinothoe sphyrodeta] on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of bryozoans and erect sponges with Dysidia fragilis and Actinothoe sphyrodeta on tide-swept wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with [Swiftia pallida] and [Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii] on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with Swiftia pallida and Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Laminaria ochroleuca] forest on exposed infralittoral rock missing

Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria ochroleuca forest on exposed infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccharina latissima] forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock missing

Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccharina latissima] on sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima on sheltered infralittoral rock

Mixed [Laminaria hyperborea] and [Saccharina latissima] park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock missing

Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima park on sheltered lower infralittoral rock

Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay

Piddocks with a sparse associated fauna in sublittoral very soft chalk or clay

Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools

Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools

Silted cape-form [Laminaria hyperborea] on very sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Silted cape-form Laminaria hyperborea on very sheltered infralittoral rock

Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Solitary ascidians, including [Ascidia mentula] and [Ciona intestinalis], with [Antedon] spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, with Antedon spp. on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves missing

Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves

Sparse sponges, [Nemertesia] spp. and [Alcyonidium diaphanum] on circalittoral mixed substrata missing

Sparse sponges, Nemertesia spp. and Alcyonidium diaphanum on circalittoral mixed substrata

Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances missing

Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances

Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves

Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves

Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock

Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock

Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and [Dendrodoa grossularia] on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves

Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and Dendrodoa grossularia on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves

Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock

Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock

[Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock missing

Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Alaria esculenta] forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock

Alaria esculenta forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock

[Alaria esculenta] on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

Alaria esculenta on exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Alaria esculenta], [Mytilus edulis] and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

Alaria esculenta, Mytilus edulis and coralline crusts on very exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Alcyonium digitatum] and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock

Alcyonium digitatum and faunal crust communities on vertical circalittoral bedrock

[Alcyonium digitatum] with dense [Tubularia indivisa] and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock

Alcyonium digitatum with dense Tubularia indivisa and anemones on strongly tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Alcyonium digitatum] with [Securiflustra securifrons] on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Alcyonium digitatum with Securiflustra securifrons on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Antedon] spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock

Antedon spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock

[Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock

Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock

[Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad [mackayi] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata

Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackayi beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata

Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock

Ascophyllum nodosum on full salinity mid eulittoral rock

[Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Ascophyllum nodosum on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Ascophyllum nodosum] with epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock

Ascophyllum nodosum with epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock

[Ascophyllum nodosum], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock

Ascophyllum nodosum, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock

[Balanus crenatus] and [Tubularia indivisa] on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock

Balanus crenatus and Tubularia indivisa on extremely tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Balanus crenatus] and/or [Spirobranchus triqueter] with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical infralittoral rock missing

Balanus crenatus and/or Spirobranchus triqueter with spirorbid worms and coralline crusts on severely scoured vertical infralittoral rock

[Bifurcaria bifurcata] in shallow eulittoral rockpools

Bifurcaria bifurcata in shallow eulittoral rockpools

[Blidingia] spp. on vertical littoral fringe soft rock missing

Blidingia spp. on vertical littoral fringe soft rock

[Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii] and sponges with [Pentapora foliacea], [Porella compressa] and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock missing

Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii and sponges with Pentapora foliacea, Porella compressa and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii] and [Swiftia pallida] on circalittoral rock

Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii and Swiftia pallida on circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii] with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii with faunal and algal crusts on moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii], sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock missing

Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii, sponges and crustose communities on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock

Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii, Swiftia pallida and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock

[Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii], [Swiftia pallida] and [Alcyonium glomeratum] on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) smithii, Swiftia pallida and Alcyonium glomeratum on wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

[Ceramium] sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat

Ceramium sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat

[Chthamalus] spp. and [Lichina pygmaea] on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock

Chthamalus spp. and Lichina pygmaea on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock

[Chthamalus] spp. on exposed eulittoral rock

Chthamalus spp. on exposed eulittoral rock

[Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock

Chthamalus spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock

[Codium] spp. with red seaweeds and sparse [Saccharina latissima] on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Codium spp. with red seaweeds and sparse Saccharina latissima on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock missing

Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Corallina officinalis], [Himanthalia elongata] and [Patella ulyssiponensis] on very exposed lower eulittoral rock missing

Corallina officinalis, Himanthalia elongata and Patella ulyssiponensis on very exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Cordylophora caspia] and [Einhornia crustulenta] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Cordylophora caspia and Einhornia crustulenta on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Corymorpha], [Gersemia], [Zoantharia] and [Heliometra glacialis] on Arctic mid bathyal rock and other hard substrata missing

Corymorpha, Gersemia, Zoantharia and Heliometra glacialis on Arctic mid bathyal rock and other hard substrata

[Corynactis viridis] and a mixed turf of crisiids, [Bugula], [Scrupocellaria], and [Cellaria] on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock

Corynactis viridis and a mixed turf of crisiids, Bugula, Scrupocellaria, and Cellaria on moderately tide-swept exposed circalittoral rock

[Cystoseira] spp. in eulittoral rockpools

Cystoseira spp. in eulittoral rockpools

[Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Clathrina coriacea] on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock

Dendrodoa grossularia and Clathrina coriacea on wave-surged vertical infralittoral rock

[Eunicella verrucosa] and [Pentapora foliacea] on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Eunicella verrucosa and Pentapora foliacea on wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Flustra foliacea] and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata missing

Flustra foliacea and colonial ascidians on tide-swept exposed circalittoral mixed substrata

[Flustra foliacea] and [Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata] with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

Flustra foliacea and Haliclona (Haliclona) oculata with a rich faunal turf on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

[Flustra foliacea] on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock

Flustra foliacea on slightly scoured silty circalittoral rock

[Fucus ceranoides] and [Ulva] spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock

Fucus ceranoides and Ulva spp. on low salinity infralittoral rock

[Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock

Fucus ceranoides on reduced salinity eulittoral rock

[Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana] on extremely exposed upper shore rock

Fucus distichus and Fucus spiralis f. nana on extremely exposed upper shore rock

[Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus and large Mytilus edulis on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock

Fucus serratus and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock

[Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders

Fucus serratus and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders

[Fucus serratus] on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata missing

Fucus serratus on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus serratus] with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata missing

Fucus serratus with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus serratus], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock

Fucus serratus, sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock

Fucus spiralis on exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock

Fucus spiralis on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata

Fucus spiralis on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

Fucus spiralis on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock missing

Fucus spiralis on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

Fucus vesiculosus and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Fucus vesiculosus on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata

Fucus vesiculosus on mid eulittoral mixed substrata

[Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

[Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata missing

Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata

[Geodia] and other massive sponges on Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal coarse sediment

Geodia and other massive sponges on Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal coarse sediment

[Geodia] and other massive sponges on Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal mixed sediment

Geodia and other massive sponges on Atlanto-Arctic upper bathyal mixed sediment

[Halichondria (Halichondria) bowerbanki], [Eudendrium arbuscula] and [Eucratea loricata] on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata missing

Halichondria (Halichondria) bowerbanki, Eudendrium arbuscula and Eucratea loricata on reduced salinity tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

[Halidrys siliquosa] and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment

Halidrys siliquosa and mixed kelps on tide-swept infralittoral rock with coarse sediment

[Hartlaubella gelatinosa] and [Conopeum reticulum] on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata

Hartlaubella gelatinosa and Conopeum reticulum on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata

[Hiatella arctica] with seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk. missing

Hiatella arctica with seaweeds on vertical limestone / chalk.

[Hiatella]-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock

Hiatella-bored vertical sublittoral limestone rock

[Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Himanthalia elongata and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Laminaria digitata] and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock

Laminaria digitata and piddocks on sublittoral fringe soft rock

[Laminaria digitata] and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders

Laminaria digitata and under-boulder fauna on sublittoral fringe boulders

[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

[Laminaria digitata] on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock

[Laminaria digitata], ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock

Laminaria digitata, ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock missing

Laminaria hyperborea and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock missing

Laminaria hyperborea and red seaweeds on exposed vertical rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed upper infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed upper infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea forest, foliose red seaweeds and a diverse fauna on tide-swept upper infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] on moderately exposed vertical rock. missing

Laminaria hyperborea on moderately exposed vertical rock.

[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral mixed substrata. missing

Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept, infralittoral mixed substrata.

[Laminaria hyperborea] on tide-swept, infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea on tide-swept, infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock missing

Laminaria hyperborea park and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea park with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock

[Laminaria hyperborea] with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed infralittoral rock

[Lophelia] reefs

Lophelia reefs

[Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Modiolus modiolus] beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment missing

Modiolus modiolus beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Modiolus modiolus beds with fine hydroids and large solitary ascidians on very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

Modiolus modiolus beds with hydroids and red seaweeds on tide-swept circalittoral mixed substrata

[Modiolus modiolus] beds with [Mimachlamys varia], sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Modiolus modiolus beds with Mimachlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

[Molgula manhattensis] with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock missing

Molgula manhattensis with a hydroid and bryozoan turf on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Musculus discors] beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock missing

Musculus discors beds on moderately exposed circalittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock

Mytilus edulis and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay missing

Mytilus edulis and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay

[Mytilus edulis] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

Mytilus edulis and Fucus vesiculosus on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mixed substrata missing

Mytilus edulis beds on littoral mixed substrata

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral mud missing

Mytilus edulis beds on littoral mud

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sand missing

Mytilus edulis beds on littoral sand

[Mytilus edulis] beds on littoral sediments missing

Mytilus edulis beds on littoral sediments

[Mytilus edulis] beds on reduced salinity tide-swept infralittoral rock missing

Mytilus edulis beds on reduced salinity tide-swept infralittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis] beds on sublittoral sediment

Mytilus edulis beds on sublittoral sediment

[Mytilus edulis] beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Mytilus edulis beds with hydroids and ascidians on tide-swept exposed to moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Mytilus edulis], [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock missing

Mytilus edulis, Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Novocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on sheltered circalittoral rock

Novocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on sheltered circalittoral rock

[Novocrania anomala] and [Protanthea simplex] on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

Novocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on very wave-sheltered circalittoral rock

[Novocrania anomala], [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Sarcodictyon roseum] on variable salinity circalittoral rock

Novocrania anomala, Dendrodoa grossularia and Sarcodictyon roseum on variable salinity circalittoral rock

[Osmundea pinnatifida] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

Osmundea pinnatifida on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

[Palmaria palmata] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Palmaria palmata on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

[Pelvetia canaliculata] and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock

Pelvetia canaliculata and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock

Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered littoral fringe rock

[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock

Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock

[Phakellia ventilabrum] and axinellid sponges on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock missing

Phakellia ventilabrum and axinellid sponges on deep, wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Pheronema carpenteri] field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud

Pheronema carpenteri field on Atlantic lower bathyal mud

[Pheronema carpenteri] field on Atlantic mid bathyal mud

Pheronema carpenteri field on Atlantic mid bathyal mud

[Polyclinum aurantium] and [Flustra foliacea] on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Polyclinum aurantium and Flustra foliacea on sand-scoured tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Polydora] sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock

Polydora sp. tubes on moderately exposed sublittoral soft rock

[Polyides rotunda] and/or [Furcellaria lumbricalis] on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Polyides rotunda and/or Furcellaria lumbricalis on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Polyides rotunda], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Chondrus crispus] on sand-covered infralittoral rock missing

Polyides rotunda, Ahnfeltia plicata and Chondrus crispus on sand-covered infralittoral rock

[Porphyra purpurea] and [Ulva] spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock

Porphyra purpurea and Ulva spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock

[Prasiola stipitata] on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock

Prasiola stipitata on nitrate-enriched supralittoral or littoral fringe rock

[Reteporella] and Axinellid sponges on Atlantic upper bathyal rock and other hard substrata missing

Reteporella and Axinellid sponges on Atlantic upper bathyal rock and other hard substrata

[Rhodochorton purpureum] and [Cladophora rupestris] on upper to mid-shore cave walls

Rhodochorton purpureum and Cladophora rupestris on upper to mid-shore cave walls

[Rhodochorton purpureum] and [Pleurocladia lacustris] crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings missing

Rhodochorton purpureum and Pleurocladia lacustris crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings

[Rhodothamniella floridula] on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock

Rhodothamniella floridula on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock

[Sabellaria alveolata] on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment missing

Sabellaria alveolata on variable salinity sublittoral mixed sediment

[Sabellaria alveolata] reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock

Sabellaria alveolata reefs on sand-abraded eulittoral rock

[Sabellaria spinulosa] on stable circalittoral mixed sediment

Sabellaria spinulosa on stable circalittoral mixed sediment

[Sabellaria spinulosa] with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock missing

Sabellaria spinulosa with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock

[Sabellaria spinulosa], didemnids and other small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

Sabellaria spinulosa, didemnids and other small ascidians on tide-swept moderately wave-exposed circalittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock

Saccharina latissima and Laminaria digitata on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock

[Saccharina latissima] and [Psammechinus miliaris] on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock

Saccharina latissima and Psammechinus miliaris on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] and/or [Saccorhiza polyschides] on exposed infralittoral rock

Saccharina latissima and/or Saccorhiza polyschides on exposed infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock

Saccharina latissima forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] on very sheltered infralittoral rock missing

Saccharina latissima on very sheltered infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock

Saccharina latissima park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock missing

Saccharina latissima with foliose red seaweeds and ascidians on sheltered tide-swept infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima] with [Phyllophora] spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock missing

Saccharina latissima with Phyllophora spp. and filamentous green seaweeds on variable or reduced salinity infralittoral rock

[Saccharina latissima], [Chorda filum] and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders or cobbles

Saccharina latissima, Chorda filum and dense red seaweeds on shallow unstable infralittoral boulders or cobbles

[Saccorhiza polyschides] and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed sublittoral fringe rock missing

Saccorhiza polyschides and other opportunistic kelps on disturbed sublittoral fringe rock

[Sargassum muticum] in eulittoral rockpools

Sargassum muticum in eulittoral rockpools

[Sargassum muticum] on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

Sargassum muticum on shallow slightly tide-swept infralittoral mixed substrata

[Semibalanus balanoides] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles

Semibalanus balanoides and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles

[Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Semibalanus balanoides on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides], [Fucus vesiculosus] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock

Semibalanus balanoides, Fucus vesiculosus and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock

[Semibalanus balanoides], [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina] spp.on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Semibalanus balanoides, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp.on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

[Serpula vermicularis] reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand

Serpula vermicularis reefs on very sheltered circalittoral muddy sand

[Suberites] spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and [Bugula] spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock missing

Suberites spp. with a mixed turf of crisiids and Bugula spp. on heavily silted moderately wave-exposed shallow circalittoral rock

[Tubularia indivisa] and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock missing

Tubularia indivisa and cushion sponges on tide-swept turbid circalittoral bedrock

[Tubularia indivisa] on tide-swept circalittoral rock

Tubularia indivisa on tide-swept circalittoral rock

[Ulothrix flacca] and [Urospora] spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock

Ulothrix flacca and Urospora spp. on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock

[Ulva] spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock

Ulva spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock

[Urticina felina] and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock

Urticina felina and sand-tolerant fauna on sand-scoured or covered circalittoral rock

[Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock

Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock

[Verrucaria maura] on littoral fringe rock

Verrucaria maura on littoral fringe rock

[Verrucaria maura] on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock

Verrucaria maura on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock

[Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on upper to mid shore cave walls missing

Verrucaria mucosa and/or Hildenbrandia rubra on upper to mid shore cave walls

Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time

Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae)

Submarine structures made from leaking gases

Submerged or partially submerged sea caves

Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand