Sand binder (Rhodothamniella floridula)
Rhodothamniella floridula
Photographer: Mike Firth Copyright: Mike Firth
Distribution data supplied by the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS). To interrogate UK data visit the NBN Atlas.Map Help
| Researched by | Karen Riley | Refereed by | This information is not refereed |
| Authority | (Dillwyn) Feldmann, 1978 | ||
| Other common names | - | Synonyms | Rhodochorton floridulum (Dillwyn) Feldmann, 1978, Audouinella floridula (Dillwyn) Feldmann, 1978 |
Summary
Description
Rhodothamniella floridula is a perennial brownish red seaweed found on the lower shore. It usually covers large areas of rock in sandy habitats. At the base of the seaweed, filaments bind with sand to form a spongy, carpet like mass. The filaments are well-spaced and branch out up to 3 cm in length. Upright filaments of the seaweed uncovered by the ebbing tide appear as tufts of hair. When plants dry out they have a purplish tinge.
Recorded distribution in Britain and Ireland
Rhodothamniella floridula occurs on the coast of Scotland, the north east, south and south west coasts of England and in Wales and Northern Ireland.Global distribution
Occurs in northwest EuropeHabitat
Rhodothamniella floridula usually occurs on sand-covered rocks in the littoral and sublittoral to about 5 m depth (as Rhodochorton floridulum and Audouinella floridula respectively) (Dickinson, 1963; Dixon & Irvine, 1997). Rhodothamniella floridula (as Audouinella floridula) inhabits areas in shelter, partly under larger seaweeds (Hayward et al., 1996).Depth range
5mIdentifying features
- Brownish red in colour
- The base forms a spongy, carpet like covering on rocks
- Fine branched filaments up to 3 cm in length
- Branches may be upright or creeping
Additional information
-none-Listed by
- none -
Biology review
Taxonomy
| Phylum | Rhodophyta | Red seaweeds |
| Class | Florideophyceae | |
| Order | Palmariales | |
| Family | Rhodothamniellaceae | |
| Genus | Rhodothamniella | |
| Authority | (Dillwyn) Feldmann, 1978 | |
| Recent Synonyms | Rhodochorton floridulum (Dillwyn) Feldmann, 1978Audouinella floridula (Dillwyn) Feldmann, 1978 | |
Biology
| Typical abundance | See additional information | ||
| Male size range | maximum of 30mm | ||
| Male size at maturity | |||
| Female size range | Small-medium(3-10cm) | ||
| Female size at maturity | |||
| Growth form | Cushion | ||
| Growth rate | |||
| Body flexibility | High (greater than 45 degrees) | ||
| Mobility | |||
| Characteristic feeding method | Autotroph | ||
| Diet/food source | |||
| Typically feeds on | |||
| Sociability | |||
| Environmental position | Epibenthic | ||
| Dependency | Independent. | ||
| Supports | None | ||
| Is the species harmful? | No | ||
Biology information
Rhodothamniella floridula is perennial. The hair-like filaments are approximately 20-25µm in diameter. The species has been noted to trap sand and mud in a layer up to 5cm thick (Lobban & Wynne, 1981).
Dixon & Irvine (1977) observed that the growth of Rhodothamniella floridula (as Audouinella floridula) is much faster in winter, whilst in the summer the spongy cushion can become bleached or disrupted.
Habitat preferences
| Physiographic preferences | Open coast, Strait / sound, Enclosed coast / Embayment |
| Biological zone preferences | Lower littoral fringe, Upper eulittoral, Upper littoral fringe |
| Substratum / habitat preferences | Bedrock, Large to very large boulders, Rockpools, Small boulders |
| Tidal strength preferences | Moderately Strong 1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.), Weak < 1 knot (<0.5 m/sec.) |
| Wave exposure preferences | Moderately exposed, Sheltered, Very sheltered |
| Salinity preferences | Full (30-40 psu) |
| Depth range | 5m |
| Other preferences | |
| Migration Pattern | Non-migratory / resident |
Habitat Information
Rhodothamniella floridula has been found on substrata other than sandy rock. For example, in St. Andrews Bay, Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton spp.) occurred in tufts on Halidrys siliquosa (a brown seaweed) and in pools where Fabricia stellaris (a polychaete worm) was common (Laverack & Blackler, 1974). In Co. Kerry, Ireland Rhodothamniella floridula (as Audouinella floridula) was also found growing on peat masses, where it binds the peat and sand together (Murphy, 1981).Life history
Adult characteristics
| Reproductive type | Oogamous | |
| Reproductive frequency | Annual protracted | |
| Fecundity (number of eggs) | No information | |
| Generation time | Insufficient information | |
| Age at maturity | Insufficient information | |
| Season | See additional information | |
| Life span | See additional information |
Larval characteristics
| Larval/propagule type | - |
| Larval/juvenile development | Spores (sexual / asexual) |
| Duration of larval stage | No information |
| Larval dispersal potential | No information |
| Larval settlement period | Insufficient information |
Life history information
LifespanNo information was found concerning the longevity of Rhodothamniella floridula. However, it is likely to have a lifespan of 5-10 years, similar to other red seaweeds, such as Furcellaria lumbricalis.
Reproductive type
Dickinson (1963) and Dixon & Irvine (1977) found that asexual Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum and Audouinella floridula respectively) plants bear cruciate tetrasporangia. The tetrasporangia are ovoid and are arranged on the upper parts of the erect axes, occurring singly or in clusters (Dixon & Irvine, 1977). Stegenga (1978) found that tetraspores of cultured Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) measured up to 35 x 30 µm. He also noted that these were formed under all combinations of temperatures from 4 °C to 16 °C at any length of daylight. A tetrasporophyte, rather than a carposporophyte, of Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) develops directly from the fertilised carpogonium with only one erect filament and one rhizoid (Lobban & Wynne, 1981, Cole & Sheath, 1990). Stegenga (1978) observed that gametophytes of Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) were unisexual and possessed a unicellular base from which only one filament arose. It is also known that the subclass Florideophyceae specialise in oogamous reproduction in which the zygote is returned on the female gametophyte, giving rise to complex post-fertilisation development, known as the carposporophyte. Observations on Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) showed that the tetraspores germinate to give gametangial plants which were small compared with the tetrasporangial phase (Knaggs & Conway, 1964)
Fecundity
Red algae are typically high fecund, but their spores are non-motile (Norton, 1992) and therefore highly reliant on the hydrodynamic regime for dispersal. Stegenga (1978) noted that tetrasporangia germinated in 'rather low numbers', but most abundantly at high temperatures and long days.
Timing of reproduction
Dixon & Irvine (1977) noted that the greatest abundance of tetrasporangia occurred between November and March. Furthermore, Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton spp.) are present throughout the year (Laverack & Blackler, 1974). However, Stegenga (1978) found that there were no tetrasporangia present during the winter.
Sensitivity review
The MarLIN sensitivity assessment approach used below has been superseded by the MarESA (Marine Evidence-based Sensitivity Assessment) approach (see menu). The MarLIN approach was used for assessments from 1999-2010. The MarESA approach reflects the recent conservation imperatives and terminology and is used for sensitivity assessments from 2014 onwards.
Physical pressures
| Intolerance | Recoverability | Sensitivity | Evidence/Confidence | |
| High | High | Moderate | Moderate | |
| Removal of the substratum would also remove the Rhodothamniella floridula growing on it. Intolerance has therefore been assessed as high. Recoverability is likely to be high (see additional information below). | ||||
| High | High | Moderate | High | |
| The plant would be completely buried under 5 cm of sediment and would be unlikely to survive. Intolerance has been assessed as high. Recoverability is likely to be high (see additional information below). | ||||
| Intermediate | Very high | Low | Low | |
| Rhodothamniella floridula binds sand, mud or peat to it's filaments to form a sponge-like turf. A slight increase in suspended sediment may mean that there is more sand to bind with the plant and will probably have little adverse effect on it. However, it is not known how much of an increase in suspended sediment concentration could be withstood. An increase in suspended sediment concentration above this threshold will increase light attenuation (considered in 'turbidity') and siltation. Furthermore, Connor et al. (1997b) noted that, although the species is sand-tolerant, where sand scour is more severe, Rhodothamniella floridula may be rare or absent and ephemeral algae such as Ulva spp. and Porphyra spp. dominate the substratum. Therefore intolerance has been assessed as intermediate. Recoverability is likely to be very high. | ||||
| Low | Very high | Very Low | Moderate | |
| Rhodothamniella floridula is unlikely to be affected by a small decrease in suspended sediment. However, the species needs sediment to bind to and will therefore need enough available to do so. Intolerance has therefore been assessed as low. Recoverability is likely to be very high. | ||||
| Intermediate | Very high | Low | Moderate | |
| Rhodothamniella floridula is subject to some desiccation on the lower shore where Dickinson (1963) observed that plants may dry out and develop a purplish tinge. It seems likely that at the benchmark level that the upper parts of plants may be adversely affected. However, the habit of the alga living in sponge-like masses suggests that lower parts may be kept moist and regrowth would be expected. Therefore, intolerance has been assessed as intermediate and recoverability is likely to be very high. | ||||
| Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
| The benchmark increase in emergence would result in the individuals furthest up the shore experiencing greater risk of desiccation and greater fluctuations in temperature and salinity. Some mortality is likely and therefore intolerance has been assessed as intermediate. Recoverability has been recorded as high (see additional information below). | ||||
| Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | High | |
| Rhodothamniella floridula occurs predominantly in the littoral and sublittoral to about 5m depth (Dickinson, 1963; Dixon & Irvine, 1997) (as Rhodochorton floridulum and Audouinella floridula respectively) and is often found in rockpools. It is therefore the species would probably tolerate a decrease in emergence. | ||||
| Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | High | |
| Moderate water movement is beneficial to seaweeds as it carries a supply of nutrients and gases to the plants and removes waste products. However, if flow becomes too strong , plants may become displaced. Additionally, an increase to stronger flows may inhibit settlement of spores and remove adults or germlings. Rhodothamniella floridula has a compact solid 'mat' or 'cushion'. Whilst the biotope with which it is associated occurs in 'moderately strong' or 'weak' tidal flows, the compact nature of the mat probably makes it resistant to displacement by an increase in water flow. The species has been assessed as tolerant of an increase in water flow. | ||||
| Low | Very high | Very Low | High | |
| The biotope with which Rhodothamniella floridula is associated occurs in areas where the water flow rate is either 'moderately strong' or 'weak' (Connor et al., 1997b). If a decrease in water flow rate to 'weak' or 'very weak (negligible)' may mean that the supply of nutrients to the seaweed would be depleted. However, adverse effects would probably only be seen in plants inhabiting the 'very weak' water flow areas. Intolerance has therefore been assessed as low. Recoverability is likely to be very high. | ||||
| Low | Very high | Very Low | High | |
| Maximum sea surface temperatures around the British Isles rarely exceed 20 °C (Hiscock, 1998) and, as Rhodothamniella floridula occurs throughout north west Europe it will therefore be subject to a wider range of temperatures than experienced in the British Isles. It is therefore expected that an increase in temperature will not result in mortality of the species. However, high temperatures may cause photosynthesis and growth to be impaired. For instance, Dixon & Irvine (1977) observed that the growth of Rhodothamniella floridula (as Audouinella floridula) is much faster in winter, whilst in the summer the spongy cushion can become bleached or disrupted. Stegenga (1978) found that tetraspores of cultured Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) were formed under all combinations of temperatures from 4 °C to 16 °C at any length of daylight, although they were most abundant at high temperatures and long days. Rockpool temperatures could also rise significantly and some mortality may occur in exceptional conditions. Intolerance has been assessed as low. Physiological processes should quickly return to normal when temperatures return to their original levels so recoverability has been assessed as very high. | ||||
| Low | Very high | Very Low | High | |
| Minimum surface sea water temperatures rarely fall below 5 °C around the British Isles (Hiscock, 1998) and, as Rhodothamniella floridula occurs throughout north west Europe it will therefore be subject to a wider range of temperatures than experienced in the British Isles. It is therefore expected that a decrease in temperature will not result in mortality of the species. Dixon & Irvine (1977) observed that the growth of Rhodothamniella floridula (as Audouinella floridula) is much faster in winter, whilst in the summer the spongy cushion can become bleached or disrupted. It is therefore likely that a reduction in temperature will increase the growth rate of the species. However, low temperatures may delay or slow reproduction. Stegenga (1978) found that tetraspores of cultured Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) were formed under all combinations of temperatures from 4 °C to 16 °C at any length of daylight, although they were most abundant at high temperatures and long days. intolerance has therefore been assessed as low. The reproductive rate should quickly return to normal when temperatures return to their original levels so recoverability has been recorded as very high. | ||||
| Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
| In general, subtidal red algae are able to exist at relatively low light levels (Gantt, 1990). Rhodothamniella floridula (as Audouinella floridula) inhabits areas in shelter, partly under larger seaweeds (Hayward et al., 1996) and is probably adapted to growth in low light conditions. Stegenga (1978) found that tetraspores of cultured Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) were formed at any length of daylight, although they were most abundant at high temperatures and long days. This suggests that a decrease in the amount of light reaching the plant will result in a decrease in the reproductive potential of the species. No information is available concerning mortality associated with an increase in turbidity, but is likely that at high levels of turbidity some mortality will occur. Therefore, intolerance has been assessed as intermediate. Recoverability is likely to be high (see additional information below). | ||||
| Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | High | |
| Stegenga (1978) found that tetraspores of cultured Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) were formed at any length of daylight, although they were most abundant at high temperatures and long days. This suggests that an increase in the amount of light reaching the plant will result in an increase in the reproductive potential of the species, if there is no overriding temperature effect. Therefore, Rhodothamniella floridula is recorded as being 'tolerant' to a decrease in turbidity, with the potential to benefit from the factor. | ||||
| Intermediate | High | Low | High | |
| The biotope with which Rhodothamniella floridula is mostly associated occurs in 'Moderately exposed', 'Sheltered' and 'Very sheltered' conditions (Connor et al., 1997b). Stronger wave action is likely to cause damage to filaments, resulting in reduced photosynthesis and compromised growth, but more likely dislodgement by the force of wave action and by scouring from sand and gravel mobilised by increased wave action (Hiscock, 1983). The deepest living individuals are likely to avoid the worst impact of wave exposure, but some mortality in the total population is likely. Therefore, intolerance has been assessed as intermediate. Recoverability is likely to be high (see additional information below). | ||||
| Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | High | |
| As the biotope with which Rhodothamniella floridula is mostly associated occurs in 'Moderately exposed', 'Sheltered' and 'Very sheltered' conditions (Connor et al., 1997b) the species is unlikely to be affected by a decrease in wave exposure. It is therefore recorded as 'tolerant'. | ||||
| Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | High | |
| Algae have no mechanisms for detection of sound and, therefore would be not sensitive to disturbance by noise. | ||||
| Tolerant | Not relevant | Not sensitive | High | |
| Algae have no visual acuity and, therefore would not be affected by visual disturbance. | ||||
| Intermediate | High | Low | Moderate | |
| No information was found concerning the effects of abrasion on Rhodothamniella floridula. However, this species is characteristic of sand scoured habitats and is probably tolerant. But an anchor, or similar impact, is likely to rip through the mat and remove a proportion of population. Intolerance has been assessed to be intermediate. Recoverability is likely to be high (see additional information below). | ||||
| High | High | Moderate | Moderate | |
| It is unlikely that the holdfast would survive removal from the substratum and be able to attach to a new substratum. Intolerance has therefore been assessed as high. Recoverability is likely to be high (see additional information below). | ||||
Chemical pressures
| Intolerance | Recoverability | Sensitivity | Evidence/Confidence | |
| High | High | Moderate | Moderate | |
| No information was found relating to the effects of synthetic chemicals on Rhodothamniella floridula. However, inferences may be drawn from the sensitivities of red algal species generally. O'Brien & Dixon (1976) suggested that red algae were the most sensitive group of algae to oil or dispersant contamination, possibly due to the susceptibility of phycoerythrins to destruction. They also reported that red algae are effective indicators of detergent damage since they undergo colour changes when exposed to a relatively low concentration of detergent. Laboratory studies of the effects of oil and dispersants on several red algal species concluded that they were all sensitive to oil/dispersant mixtures, with little difference between adults, sporelings, diploid or haploid stages (Grandy, 1984, cited in Holt et al., 1995). Cole et al. (1999) suggested that herbicides, such as simazine and atrazine were very toxic to macrophytes. The evidence suggests that in general red algae are very intolerant of synthetic chemicals. Intolerance has therefore been recorded as high. Recoverability has been assessed as high (see additional information below). | ||||
| No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
| Bryan (1984) suggested that the general order for heavy metal toxicity in seaweeds is: Organic Hg > inorganic Hg > Cu > Ag > Zn > Cd > Pb. Cole et al. (1999) reported that Hg was very toxic to macrophytes. The sub-lethal effects of Hg (organic and inorganic) on the sporelings of an intertidal red algae, Plumaria elegans, were reported by Boney (1971). 100% growth inhibition was caused by 1 ppm Hg. No information was found concerning the effects of heavy metals on Rhodothamniella floridula specifically, and therefore an intolerance assessment has not been attempted. | ||||
| High | High | Moderate | Moderate | |
| No evidence was found specifically relating to the intolerance of Rhodothamniella floridula to hydrocarbon contamination. However, inferences may be drawn from the sensitivities of red algal species generally. O'Brien & Dixon (1976) suggested that red algae were the most sensitive group of algae to oil or dispersant contamination, possibly due to the susceptibility of phycoerythrins to destruction. Laboratory studies of the effects of oil and dispersants on several red algal species concluded that they were all sensitive to oil/dispersant mixtures, with little difference between adults, sporelings, diploid or haploid life stages (Grandy, 1984, cited in Holt et al., 1995). Intolerance has been assessed as high. Recoverability has been recorded as high (see additional information below). | ||||
| No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
| No evidence was found concerning the intolerance of Rhodothamniella floridula to radionuclide contamination. | ||||
| Intermediate | High | Low | Low | |
| A moderate increase in nutrient levels may enhance the growth of Rhodothamniella floridula. However, excessive eutrophication would probably result in the species being out-competed by ephemeral species with rapid growth rates, such as filamentous green and brown algae. Therefore intolerance has been assessed as intermediate. Recoverability has been recorded as high (see additional information below). | ||||
| Not relevant | Not relevant | Not relevant | High | |
| Rhodothamniella floridula occurs in full salinity conditions. Although no information has been found on survival in hypersaline conditions, the species occurs in rockpools where evaporation may occasionally lead to higher than normal salinities. However, occurrence of the species in full salinity leads to an intolerance assessment of 'not relevant'. | ||||
| High | High | Moderate | Moderate | |
| No information was found on the effects of reduced salinity on Rhodothamniella floridula. However, as this species occurs only in full salinity conditions it is probable that a proportion of the population would die in lower salinities. Therefore, intolerance has been assessed as high. Recoverability is likely to be high (see additional information below). | ||||
| No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
| The effects of reduced oxygenation on algae are not well studied. Plants require oxygen for respiration, but this may be provided by production of oxygen during periods of photosynthesis. Lack of oxygen may impair both respiration and photosynthesis (see review by Vidaver, 1972). A study of the effects of anoxia on another red alga, Delesseria sanguinea, revealed that specimens died after 24 hours at 15°C but that some survived at 5°C (Hammer, 1972). Insufficient information is available to make an intolerance assessment for Rhodothamniella floridula. | ||||
Biological pressures
| Intolerance | Recoverability | Sensitivity | Evidence/Confidence | |
| No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
| No information has been found. | ||||
| No information | Not relevant | No information | Not relevant | |
| No information on the effects of alien species on Rhodothamniella floridula were found. | ||||
| Not relevant | Not relevant | Not relevant | Not relevant | |
| There is no extraction of Rhodothamniella floridula known to occur. | ||||
| No information | No information | No information | Not relevant | |
| No information was found concerning effects of harvesting other species on Rhodothamniella floridula. | ||||
Additional information
No information was found relating to colonization or recolonization rates of Rhodothamniella floridula. Red algae are typically high fecund, but their spores are non-motile (Norton, 1992) and therefore highly reliant on the hydrodynamic regime for dispersal. Kain (1975) reported that after displacement some Rhodophyceae were present after 11 weeks, and after 41 weeks, in June, Rhodophyceae species predominated. However, Stegenga (1978) noted that tetrasporangia of Rhodothamniella floridula (as Rhodochorton floridulum) germinated in 'rather low numbers'. The species is therefore probably going to recover within the 'high' category, although recovery of remote populations will be more protracted and dependent upon favourable currents bringing spores.Importance review
Policy/legislation
- no data -
Status
| National (GB) importance | - | Global red list (IUCN) category | - |
Non-native
| Native | - | ||
| Origin | - | Date Arrived | - |
Importance information
-none-Bibliography
Boney, A.D., 1971. Sub-lethal effects of mercury on marine algae. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2, 69-71.
Bryan, G.W., 1984. Pollution due to heavy metals and their compounds. In Marine Ecology: A Comprehensive, Integrated Treatise on Life in the Oceans and Coastal Waters, vol. 5. Ocean Management, part 3, (ed. O. Kinne), pp.1289-1431. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cole, K.M. & Sheath, R.G., 1990. Biology of the Red Algae. Cambridge University Press
Cole, S., Codling, I.D., Parr, W. & Zabel, T., 1999. Guidelines for managing water quality impacts within UK European Marine sites. Natura 2000 report prepared for the UK Marine SACs Project. 441 pp., Swindon: Water Research Council on behalf of EN, SNH, CCW, JNCC, SAMS and EHS. [UK Marine SACs Project.]. Available from: http://ukmpa.marinebiodiversity.org/uk_sacs/pdfs/water_quality.pdf
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Dickinson, C.I., 1963. British seaweeds. London & Frome: Butler & Tanner Ltd.
Dixon, P.S. & Irvine, L.M., 1977. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1 Rhodophyta. Part 1 Introduction, Nemaliales, Gigartinales. London: British Museum (Natural History) London.
Fish, J.D. & Fish, S., 1996. A student's guide to the seashore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gantt, E., 1990. Pigmentation and photoacclimation. In Biology of the Red Algae (ed. K.M. Cole and R.G. Sheath), 203-219. Cambridge University Press.
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Knaggs, F.W. & Conway, E., 1964. The life history of Rhodochorton floridulum (Dillwyn) Näg.I. Spore germination and the form of the sporelings. British Phycological Bulletin, 2, 339-341.
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Datasets
Centre for Environmental Data and Recording, 2018. Ulster Museum Marine Surveys of Northern Ireland Coastal Waters. Occurrence dataset https://www.nmni.com/CEDaR/CEDaR-Centre-for-Environmental-Data-and-Recording.aspx accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-25.
Environmental Records Information Centre North East, 2018. ERIC NE Combined dataset to 2017. Occurrence dataset: http://www.ericnortheast.org.ukl accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-38
Fenwick, 2018. Aphotomarine. Occurrence dataset http://www.aphotomarine.com/index.html Accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2014. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/erweal accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2015. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/xtrbvy accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. St Andrews BioBlitz 2016. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/146yiz accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27.
Kent Wildlife Trust, 2018. Biological survey of the intertidal chalk reefs between Folkestone Warren and Kingsdown, Kent 2009-2011. Occurrence dataset: https://www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01.
Kent Wildlife Trust, 2018. Kent Wildlife Trust Shoresearch Intertidal Survey 2004 onwards. Occurrence dataset: https://www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01.
Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2017. Isle of Man wildlife records from 01/01/2000 to 13/02/2017. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/mopwow accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
Manx Biological Recording Partnership, 2018. Isle of Man historical wildlife records 1995 to 1999. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/lo2tge accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
National Trust, 2017. National Trust Species Records. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/opc6g1 accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01.
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Last Updated: 15/11/2005
